Lecture A

Question 1

What’s the kingdom & phylum?

Answer 1

Animalia & Chordata

Question 2

What’s the superclass & class?

Answer 2

Tetrapods, Aves

Question 3

What’s the subclass?

Answer 3

Neorithines (modern birds)

Question 4

What are the two infraclasses?

Answer 4

Palaeognathae & Neognathae

Question 5

What are the two superorders?

Answer 5

Galloanserase (birds for game) & Neoaves (modern birds)

Question 6

General features of the integument of birds?

Answer 6

Lipogenic skin, few glands, uropygial gland, feathers

Question 7

What are the 4 epidermal outgrowths?

Answer 7

Caruncles (rounded), Wattles (flaps), Combs (upright wattle), Casques (hard growths)

Question 8

What is the general structure of feathers?

Answer 8

Rachi, 2 vanes, row of barbs, hooks

Question 9

What are down, semiplume & bristles?

Answer 9

Small fluffy feathers, display feathers, small head feathers

Question 10

What are colours?

Answer 10

Pigment granules growing on barbs, no blue granules, uropygial gland (swelling oily secretions)

Question 11

How does avian flight work? Downwards

Answer 11

Pectoralisis - major contracting

Question 12

How does avian flight work Upwards

Answer 12

Supracoracoideus - major contracting

Question 13

What are the major bones in avian flight?

Answer 13

Humerus, Scapula, Coracoid, Tendon supracoracoideus

Question 14

What are some adaptations to birds digestive system?

Answer 14

Tastebuds, Salivary glands in pharynx, proventriculus, ventriculus (striated muscle, keratinous ridges)

Question 15

What does the caeca do?

Answer 15

Undigested material, small particles refluxed here, (absent in passerines)

Question 16

What are the main parts of the cloaca?

Answer 16

Coprodeum, Urodeum, Proctodeum, Vent sphincter