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Nervous System > Lecture 9.1: Higher Brain Functions > Flashcards

Lecture 9.1: Higher Brain Functions Flashcards

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1
Q

Cortical Association Areas of the Brain

A
  • Pre-frontal lobe
  • Premotor cortex
  • Broca’s area
  • Wernicke’s area
  • Temporal lobe
  • Somatosensory association area
  • Auditory association area
  • Visual association area
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2
Q

The pefrontal cortex accounts for …% of total cortex in humans

A

29

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3
Q

Role of the Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • Learning, memory & planning
  • Personality (appreciation of self in the world that
    allows actions to be planned and executed)
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4
Q

What is the Parietal Lobe involved in?

A

Attention and perceptual awareness

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5
Q

What is the Temporal Lobe involved in?

A

Recognition and identification of complex stimuli

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6
Q

What happens if the Temporal Lobe is damaged?

A
  • Difficulty recognising, identifying and naming objects
    = Agnosias
  • Acknowledge the stimulus but cannot say what it is
  • Can describe face but not recognise the person =
    damage to inferior RIGHT temporal cortex =
    prosopagnosia
  • LEFT inferior temporal cortex damage: poor recall of
    verbal and visual content (e.g music recognition)
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7
Q

What is Lateralisation of Function?

A

Tendency for some neural functions/cognitive processes to be specialised to one side of the brain

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8
Q

Functions of Left Brain (4)

A
  • Processes logical tasks/analytical
  • Language: spoken/heard, written/read,
    gestured/seen
  • Maths
  • Motor Skills (handedness)
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9
Q

Functions of Right Brain (5)

A
  • Processes non-verbal tasks/spatial relationships
    mental imagery
  • Emotion of Language
  • Music/Art
  • Visuospatial
  • Body Awareness
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10
Q

What is Aphasias?

A

Disruption in the comprehension and/or generation of language

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11
Q

Role of Wernicke’s Area

A

Interpretation of written and spoken words
Language comprehension

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12
Q

Role of Broca’s Area

A

Formulation of language components and sends information to motor cortex Motor function

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13
Q

What connects the Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas?

A

Arcuate fasciculus as subcortical white matter tracts

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14
Q

What happens in Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A
  • Receptive/sensory
  • Language expression is normal but comprehension
    and repetition impaired
  • Language produced but it lacks meaning and
    contains paraphrasic errors and neologisms
  • Written language similarly incoherent
  • Unable to follow spoken or written commands
  • Usually unaware and hence unaffected
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15
Q

What happens in Broca’s Aphasia?

A
  • Expressive, non-fluent
  • Paucity of spontaneous speech, telegraphic and
    minimal
  • Can follow instructions as long as no need to
    verbalise ‘close your eyes’
  • Patient typically aware and frustrated by it
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16
Q

What part of the brain is damaged in Conductive Aphasia?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

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17
Q

What happens in Conductive Aphasia?

A

Repetition impaired but comprehension and expression intact

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18
Q

What happens in Global Aphasia?

A

Combines features of Broca’s and Wernicke’s

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19
Q

What is the Role of the Right hemisphere in speech?

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A
  • Adds ‘colour’ to speech
  • Tone, stress, rhythm
20
Q

What is Dysarthria?

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A

Inability to correctly use muscles to verbalise

21
Q

What is the Limbic System?

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A

Complex set of cortical structures that deal with emotions, memory and arousal

22
Q

Where is the Limbic System found?

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A

Found either side of the thalamus, underneath the cerebrum

23
Q

What parts of the brain are part of the Limbic System? (5)

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A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Cingulate gyrus – wraps around the corpus callosum
  • Para hippocampal gyrus – medial temporal lobe
24
Q

Roles of the Hypothalamus (4)

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A
  • Homeostasis
  • ANS
  • Endocrine
  • Hunger
25
Roles of the Hippocampus (3)
* Short Term Memory * Emotion * Spatial Navigation
26
Roles of the Amygdala (3)
* Emotions * Fear * Aggression
27
Role of the Limbic System
* High level processing of sensory information and output to homeostasis planning of behaviours and motor responses * Attaches a behavioural significance and response to a stimulus
28
What is Memory?
Ability to register (encode), store and retrieve information
29
Damage to what parts of the brain can cause memory issues? (2)
Impaired by diffuse cerebral injury or temporal lobe disease
30
Types of Memory (6)
a) Motor and non-motor b) Declarative and nondeclarative c) Working – current, problem solving d) Explicit – events and factual knowledge e) Working memory – material maintained in consciousness f) Long-term memory – stored unconsciously
31
Declarative vs Non-Declarative Memory
* Declarative memory allows us to consciously recollect events and facts * Non-Declarative memory, in contrast, is accessed without consciousness or implicitly through performance rather than recollection
32
What is Working Memory?
* Ability to hold something in the mind for seconds to minutes * Limited capacity (7 items) to store items/chunks of information in conscious memory before it rapidly disappears when attention diverted
33
What is Long Term Memory?
Storage of potentially unlimited capacity
34
What parts of the Brain are involved in Long Term Memory? (5)
* Hippocampus * Amygdala * Mammillary Bodies * Thalamus * Prefrontal Cortex
35
What are the 2 subsections of Long Term Memory?
* Explicit * Implicit
36
What is Explicit Long Term Memory?
* Memories that are accessible to consciousness * Episodic – autobiographical content * Semantic – facts
37
What is Implicit Long Term Memory?
* Memories not consciously accessible (typically motor memory) * Motor skills – riding a bike * Conditioning – Pavlovian responses * Priming – name a city
38
What is Amnesia?
Inability to learn new information or to retrieve information already acquired
39
Why is forgetting is essential?
‘Buffers’ useless information from our brains to avoid overcrowding/distractions
40
What is Anterograde Amnesia?
* A type of memory loss that occurs when you can't form new memories * Temporal lobe dependent
41
What is Retrograde Amnesia?
* Amnesia where you can't recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia * It usually affects recently stored past memories, not memories from years ago * More diverse throughout cerebral cortex
42
What is Transient Global Amnesia?
A temporary, anterograde amnesia with an acute onset that usually occurs in middle-aged and older individuals, patient’s usually wake and don’t recall the preceding 24-48hrs
43
What can cause Transient Global Amnesia? (5)
* Idiopathic * Minor Head Trauma * Sexual Intercourse * Heavy Exercise * Brief Shock
44
Which hemisphere of the Parietal Lobe is more dominant?
Right
45
What is Korsakoff Syndrome?
A memory disorder that results from vitamin B1 deficiency and is associated with alcoholism

Nervous System (18 decks)

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