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Gastrointestinal System > Lecture 9.1: Beneficial Gut Bacteria > Flashcards

Lecture 9.1: Beneficial Gut Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Microbiota?

A

Community of microorganisms living in a specific
environment

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2
Q

What is a Microbiome?

A

The entire collection of the genome elements of specific microbiota

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3
Q

How much does the Human Microbiota/Microbiome weigh?

A

2-3kg

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4
Q

Name 5 Factors that can affect the Human Microbiota/ Microbiome? (10)

A
  • Genetics
  • Environment
  • Mode of Birth
  • Diet
  • Lifestyle
  • Hormones
  • Industry
  • Drugs
  • Age
  • Geographical Location
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5
Q

What is the Role of Microbes in the Nose? (2)

A
  • Mucus Production
  • Antimicrobial Elements
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6
Q

What is the Role of Microbes in the Mouth? (2)

A
  • Assist Digestion
  • Ward off pathogens
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7
Q

What is the Role of Microbes in the Lungs?

A

Lubricate Pulmonary Tissues

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8
Q

What is the Role of Microbes in the Stomach?

A

Prevents Gastric Complications

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9
Q

What is the Role of Microbes in the Colon?

A

Digestion of Complex Carbohydrates and Other Molecules

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10
Q

What is the Role of Microbes in the Sexual Organs?

A

Maintain pH and H2O2 production to kill microbes

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11
Q

What is the Role of Microbes in the Skin? (2)

A
  • Fortify immune system
  • Scent production
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12
Q

Dominant Bacteria in the Gut (4 Phyla)

A
  • Firmicutes
  • Bacteroidetes
  • Actinobacteria
  • Proteobacteria
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13
Q

Most bacteria belong to the genera…? (8)

A
  • Bacteroides
  • Clostridium
  • Fusobacterium
  • Eubacterium
  • Ruminococcus
  • Peptococcus
  • Peptostreptococcus
  • Bifidobacterium
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14
Q

What are the 3 Classes of Bacteria found in the Gut?

A
  • Beneficial Bacteria
  • Harmful Bacteria
  • Opportunistic Bacteria
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15
Q

Name 5 Major Roles Of Beneficial Gut Flora (11)

A
  • Digestion and absorption of food
  • To break down proteins, carbohydrates, fibre and fats
  • To transport vitamins, minerals and other nutrients
    through the gut wall
  • Actively synthesise nutrients such as K2, many of
    the B vitamins and some amino acids
  • Help to chelate heavy metals from our system.
  • Help to control parasites
  • Fermenting unused energy
  • Regulating the development of the gut
  • Producing hormones to direct the host to store fats
  • Repress microbial growth through the barrier effect
  • Harmful yeasts and bacteria like Clostridium difficile
    are unable to grow excessively due to competition
    from the helpful gut flora
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16
Q

Why is Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids Important?

A

Fermentation of non-digestible substrates, supporting the growth of microbes that produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)

17
Q

What is the most abundant SCFA?
Why is it so important? (3)

A
  • Acetate
  • Essential metabolite for the growth of other bacteria
  • Used in cholesterol metabolism and lipogenesis
  • May play a role in central appetite regulation
18
Q

What is the Role of the SCFA Propionate?

A
  • Transferred to the liver
  • Regulates gluconeogenesis and satiety signalling
    through interaction with the gut fatty acid receptors
19
Q

What is the Role of the SCFA Butyrate? (3)

A
  • Main energy source for human colonocytes
  • Can induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells
  • Essential for epithelial cells to consume large amounts
    of oxygen through β oxidation, generating a state of
    hypoxia that maintains oxygen balance in the gut,
    preventing gut microbiota dysbiosis
20
Q

The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Immunity

A
  • Friendly bacteria occupy the majority of ecological
    niches – outcompeting invasive organisms
  • Normal gut flora provides antigenic stimulation
  • Lactobacilli in the stomach help to maintain acidic
    conditions
  • Gut bacteria produce bacteriocins, including colicins
21
Q

What are Bacteriocins?

A

Ribosomally synthesised antimicrobial peptides
with bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal effects against closely related bacterial strains

22
Q

Effects Of Antibiotics on Gut Microbiome (4)

A
  • Can alter the numbers of gut bacteria
  • Can cause diarrhoea by irritating the bowel directly
  • Allowing pathogenic bacteria to grow
  • Creates antibiotic resistant bacteria in gut
23
Q

What can reduced bacterial diversity in the gut or an
imbalance of the normal bacterial flora can lead to? (5)

A
  • Infections
  • Production of Toxins and Carcinogens
  • Auto-immune Inflammatory Disorders
  • Obesity
  • Psychological Disorders
24
Q

The Gut-Brain Axis

A
  • Bi-directional communication between the central and
    enteric nervous system
  • Neurotransmitters produced by enteric bacteria
    regulate brain chemistry
  • Influences neuro-endocrine systems associated with
    stress response, anxiety, and memory function
25
Q

Why is it important to know that the enteric nervous system can affect brain chemistry?

A

Introduces possibility of probiotic supplements to improve outcomes for patients with anxiety, depression
and memory disorders

26
Q

Excessive consumption of what has a negative effect on gut microbiota?

A

Sugars and sugar substitutes

27
Q

Consumption on what can have a positive effect on gut microbiota? (3)

A
  • Probiotic Supplements
  • Dietary Fibre Intake
  • Fermented Foods

Gastrointestinal System (22 decks)

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