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Gastrointestinal System > Lecture 3.1: Introduction to Gut Function > Flashcards

Lecture 3.1: Introduction to Gut Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Main Processes of GI Tract?

A
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Excretion
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2
Q

What is the purpose of digestion?

A

Breaks down the things we eat into substances we
can utilise

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3
Q

Product of digestion is a solution which is…? (3)

A
  • Sterile
  • Neutral
  • Isotonic
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4
Q

What is the purpose of absorption?

A

Removing needed molecules from within the gut lumen to the blood

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5
Q

What is the purpose of excretion?

A

Removal from the body:
* Ingested matter which is not needed
* Residues of matter produced by gut itself to aid
digestion and absorption
* Materials specifically excreted via liver to gut (bile)

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6
Q

What is Mastication?

A

It is the process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth

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7
Q

Characteristics of Saliva? (4)

A
  • Wet
  • Bacteriostatic
  • Alkaline
  • High calcium
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8
Q

Functions of Saliva? (3)

A
  • Lubricates food for mastication and swallowing
  • Protects mouth
  • Starts digestion
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9
Q

How much saliva does a human produce per day?

A

1.5L

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10
Q

Which subprocess of digestion enables the slow release of ingested food into the gut?

A

Receptive relaxation of the stomach

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11
Q

Where in the digestive tract does ingestion and transport to storage take place?

A

Oesophagus

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12
Q

What happens during Swallowing? How long does the process take?

A
  • Formation of bolus
  • Rapid, controlled oesophageal transport
  • Synchronided (peristaltic) contractions
  • Approx 10sec to reach stomach
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13
Q

Where in the digestive tract does storage, initial disruption & disinfection take place?

A

The stomach

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14
Q

How does the stomach assist digestion?

A
  • Relaxes to accommodate food
  • Contracts rhythmically to mix and disrupt
  • Secretes acid and proteolytic enzymes to break down
    tissues and disinfect
  • Acid of acid, enzymes and agitation produces chyme
  • Delivered slowly to duodenum
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15
Q

Where in the digestive tract does dilution and neutralisation of chyme take place? (2)

A

Duodenum and Jejunum

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16
Q

How does dilution and neutralisation of chyme occur?

A
  • Water drawn in from ECF
  • Add bile from liver
  • Pancreatic secretions
  • Pancreas and liver secrete alkali to neutralise acid
  • Pancreas, liver and intestine secrete enzymes and bile
    acids to complete digestion
17
Q

Where in the digestive tract does absorption of nutrients and electrolytes take place?

A

Small intestine

18
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for nutrient absorption? (4)

A
  • Plicae circulares
  • Villi
  • Microvilli
  • Long
19
Q

Epithelial cells in small intestine absorb small molecules, which circulation do these go into?

A

They pass into hepatic portal circulation

20
Q

Where in the digestive tract does final absorption of water and electrolytes take place?

A

Large intestine

21
Q

Where does faeces accumulate? (2)

A

Descending and Sigmoid Colon

22
Q

Motility and secretion need precise control, what mechanisms help with this control? (3)

A
  • Neural
  • Paracrine
  • Endocrine
23
Q

Neural Control: Somatic Motor System (what does it control)

A

Ingestion and Excretion

24
Q

Neural Control: Autonomic Nervous System (what does it control)

A
  • Digestion, Absorption & Excretion
  • Parasympathetic control most significant
  • Post ganglionic nerve cell bodies within muscle layers
    of gut
  • These form plexuses to create the ‘gut nervous system’
  • Coordinates both secretion and motility
  • Range of neurotransmitters
25
Q

What is Paracrine Cell Signalling?

A

Cell signalling that allows cells to communicate with each other by releasing signalling molecules that bind to and activate surrounding cells

26
Q

Paracrine Cell Signalling in Digestion (2)

A
  • Chemical messengers diffusing locally
  • Histamine in stomach
  • Vaso-active substances
27
Q

Endocrine Cell Signalling in Digestion (3)

A

Range of hormones controlling:
* Secretion of stomach acid
* Alkali secretion from liver and pancreas
* Enzyme secretion

Gastrointestinal System (22 decks)

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