Lecture 9 - The Family

Question 1

What is socialisation?

Answer 1

The process by which children acquire the beliefs, values and behaviours that are considered desirable or appropriate by their culture or subculture

Question 2

What is society’s primary instrument of socialisation?

Answer 2

The family

Question 3

What is the definition of a family?

Answer 3

A social unit in which adult spouses or partners and their children share economic, social and emotional rights and responsibilities and a sense of commitment and identification

Question 4

According to Brofenbenner and Morris (2006), what can affect the functioning of the family?

Answer 4

Changes in the behaviour of other members

Question 5

What are routines?

Answer 5

Day to day activities that keep the family functioning

Question 6

What are rituals?

Answer 6

Rituals involve for,al religious observances and family celebrations that have symbolic value and explain “this is who we are as a family”

Question 7

What is the couple system?

Answer 7

The founding subsystem within the family system that joins the two partners

Question 8

According to social learning theory, how can observing parents fighting affect children?

Answer 8

Social learning theory suggests that children learn by observing, so if they observe their parents fighting then this teaches them aggressive interaction strategies

Question 9

Based on attachment theory, how can exposure to conflict between parents affect the children?

Answer 9

Exposure to conflict between parents and children can result in a sense of emotional insecurity which can lead to later problems in social interaction

Question 10

Identify 5 functions of parenting?

Answer 10

Nurturing, discipline, language, teaching and monitoring

Question 11

What is the co-parenting system?

Answer 11

Although mothers and fathers often act separately when they deal with their children, their actions are related

Question 12

What sort of behaviour are children exposed to hostile-competitive co-parenting likely to exhibit in early childhood?

Answer 12

High levels of aggressive behaviour

Question 13

Who do older siblings look to as their main source of social learning in comparison to younger siblings?

Answer 13

Older siblings look to parents whereas younger siblings look to both older siblings and parents

Question 14

What does caregiving mean?

Answer 14

Providing protection and comfort so as to deactivate the need for attachment behaviour and restore a sense of security

Question 15

What are the characteristics of an authoritative parent?

Answer 15

Reasonable demands, consistently enforced with sensitivity to and acceptance of the child

Question 16

What are the characteristics of permissive parenting?

Answer 16

Few rules and demands which allow children to have much more freedom

Question 17

What are the characteristics of an authoritarian parent?

Answer 17

Many rules and demands with few explanations and little sensitivity to the child’s needs and perspectives

Question 18

What are the characteristics of uninvolved parents?

Answer 18

Few rules and demands and are uninvolved and insensitive to their children’s needs

Question 19

What sort of parenting style are parents in good marriages likely to have?

Answer 19

Authoritarian

Question 20

What sort of parenting style is likely to be observed in parents who are better at adapting to change or stressful circumstances?

Answer 20

Authoritative

Question 21

What style of parenting is likely to describe neurotic parents who are depressed, anxious and obsessive?

Answer 21

Uninvolved

Question 22

What style of parenting is likely to be observed in poorly educated parents?

Answer 22

Authoritarian

Question 23

What sort of parenting style best describes parents who spoil their children and appeal to their demands?

Answer 23

Permissive

Question 24

What are some of the developmental consequences of authoritative parenting in childhood?

Answer 24

Socially responsible, achievement-oriented, cooperative and high cognitive competencies

Question 25

What are some of the developmental consequences of authoritarian parenting in childhood?

Answer 25

More dependent, poor social competence and compliant to authority figures

Question 26

What are some of the developmental consequences of permissive parenting in childhood?

Answer 26

Immature, impulsive, less independent

Question 27

What are some of the developmental consequences of uninvolved parenting in childhood?

Answer 27

Susceptible to peer pressure, socially incompetent and alienated from families

Question 28

What are some of the developmental consequences of authoritative parenting in adolescence?

Answer 28

Psychological and behavioural advantage

Question 29

What are some of the developmental consequences of authoritarian parenting in adolescence?

Answer 29

Low self esteem, more depressed and lower goals for achievement

Question 30

What are some of the developmental consequences of permissive parenting in adolescence?

Answer 30

Problem behaviours, high self esteem, good social behaviour

Question 31

What are some of the developmental consequences of uninvolved parenting in adolescence?

Answer 31

Delinquency, drug and alcohol use and sexual promiscuity

Question 32

How can the psychological control exerted by authoritarian parents negatively affect children?

Answer 32

Parents with high psychological control can produce relationally aggressive behaviours in children

Question 33

What aspects of authoritative parenting reduces children’s likelihood problem behaviours?

Answer 33

High behavioural control but low psychological control

Question 34

What is bidirectional socialisation?

Answer 34

Parents behaviour affects children’s and children’s behaviour affects their parents

Question 35

What is transactional socialisation?

Answer 35

Children and their parents change over time in a transactional process

Question 36

What did Pelham et al (1997) find about the effect of deviant children on parents drinking behaviour?

Answer 36

Parents were more likely to drink if their children were deviant

Question 37

How can cultural patterns affect child rearing?

Answer 37

Some cultures value individualistic behaviours whereas others collectivist values