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Biological Psychology > Lecture 9: The Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Lecture 9: The Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

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1
Q

(TL) What are the Temporal Lobes?

A

The lateral portions of each hemisphere. Both temporal lobes are connected to other lobes, sensory systems, limbic system and Basal Gangia

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2
Q

(TL) What are the 3 functions of the Temporal Lobes?

A

Memory, emotion and mood, auditory and some visual perception

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3
Q

(TL-Memory) What part of the brain is crucial for memory?

A

Hippocampus

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4
Q

(TL-Memory) What is the case study used for memory?

A

HM - surgery for epilepsy. Hippocampus damaged. Unable to make new memories but STM undamaged

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5
Q

(TL-E+M) What is the role of the Amydgala in Emotion and Mood?

A

Involved in emotional processing. Activated in response to emotional stimuli. Damage often results in inability to show appropriate responses and recognising emotions in others

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6
Q

(TL-A+VP) What does Auditory and Visual Perception focus on?

A

Attention on relevant auditory info, perception of music and speech.

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7
Q

(TL-A+VP) What is Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

Inability to understand words and arrange them

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8
Q

(FL) What are the Frontal Lobes?

A

They are extended from the Central Sulcus and cover anterior of brain

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9
Q

(FL) What are the Key areas of the Frontal Lobes?

A

Primary Motor Cortex
Premotor Cortex
Frontal Cortex and Prefrontal
Broca’s Area

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10
Q

(FL) What is Broca’s Area?

A

Treated patient who lost ability to speak fluently but understood speech. Autopsy revealed damage localised in left hemisphere of frontal cortex (Broca’s area)

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11
Q

(FL) What is Broca’s Aphasia?

A

Damage results in Broca’s aphasia. Slow deliberate speech that is not fluent. But comprehension of speech can be unimpaired

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12
Q

(FL) How is the Motor Cortex divided?

A

Divided into sections. Each section is responsible for movement of different body areas through neuronal connections

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13
Q

(FL) What is the Movement Control?

A

It is mostly Contralateral (opposite side of body to brain area)

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14
Q

(FL) How big is the Prefrontal Cortex?

A

Covers 1/3 of the frontal lobes

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15
Q

(FL) What are the roles of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Mostly involved in higher order processes.

  • Planning and Evaluation
  • Event Monitoring
  • Monitoring Emotions
  • Working Memory (retaining info for short periods of time)
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16
Q

(FL) What is an example of accidental damage to the prefrontal cortex?

A

Phineas Gage

17
Q

(FL) What is intentional damage to the prefrontal cortex?

A

Prefrontal lobotomies - surgical disconnection of the PFC
Rationale - lobotomised primates became tamer with fewer side effects. Applied the same to humans with range of psychiatric problems

18
Q

(FL) What are the results to damage of the PFC?

A

It calmed people down (not as much as hoped)

But, loss of social inhibitions and emotional expression, increased apathy, problems with working memory, unable to plan

19
Q

How many layers is the Cerebral Cortex made up of?

A

6 layers (laminae)

20
Q

What is Laminae?

A

It varies in thickness and prominence in different parts of the cortex depending on purpose

21
Q

What is Laminae 5?

A

Relates to muscle control. It is thickest in Motor Cortex

22
Q

What is Laminae 4?

A

Relates to the senses. It is thickest in sensory cortex. Extremely thin in motor cortex where less functional.

23
Q

How are the Laminae stacked?

A

In columns. Cells that perform similar functions are arranged in same column. So all cells in a particular column respond to same stimuli

24
Q

What are Macro-Columns?

A

General functions

25
Q

What are Micro-Columns?

A

More specific functions

26
Q

What is the cortex divisions based on?

A

Thickness of the laminaes and the structure of cells within each laminae. Structures can then be related to brain functions and behaviours.

27
Q

(OL) What are the Occipital Lobes?

A

The most posterior part of the cortex. Compromises the primary visual cortex.

28
Q

(OL) What can destruction of the striate cortex cause?

A

Cortica blindness in related part of visual field (left damaged = right blindness)

29
Q

(PL) Where are the Parietal Lobes?

A

Lie between the Occipital lobe and central sulcus

30
Q

(PL) What do the Parietal Lobes involve?

A

Sensation and Perception

31
Q

(PL) What is sensation?

A

It is contralateral. The right hemisphere contains sensroy info for the left body and vice versa

32
Q

(PL) What can damage to the Parietal Lobes cause?

A
  • Deficits in the tactile function
  • Disorders of body image
  • Right-left confusion
  • Problems with spatial ability
  • Sensory neglect
33
Q

(PL) What is the Somatosensory Cortex?

A

Areas of the somatosensory cortex correspond to senses in different parts of the body

Biological Psychology (4 decks)

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