Lecture #9 Synthesis/respiration

Question 1

Glycolysis and Krebs cycle

Answer 1

1. (Cytosol) Sucrose -> Hexose P -> G3P( –> DHAP) -> PEP -> Pyruvate ->
2. Acetyl CoA or NADH +CO2
   Kreb cylce produces:
   (Stays within the mitochondrial matrix)
   - NADH + CO2 + NADH + ATP +CO2
   - NADH + FADH2

Question 2

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 2

1. Starts at 4 NADH + FADH2
   4 NADH goes through protein complex 1: antiporter pumps out 4 NADH and H+ and pumps in NAD+
   - FADH2 pumps through uni porter complex 2.
   - Ubiquinone is used throughout the membrane from complex 1-3
   -Cytochrome C -> complex 3-4
   Without these enzymes cannot pump out protons and the molecules

Question 3

(Part 1) NH4+ assimiliation and amino acids

Answer 3

1. Glutamate + NH4+ (Glutamine synthase) —> Glutamine + 2NH2- (+ 2-oxoglutarate from Krebs cycle) (glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase) —> (Glutmate+NH2 - ) + (Glutamate + NH2 - )

Question 4

Part 2: Broader implications

Answer 4

After Glutamate has been produced it is used in many types of reactions that are used as part of the other reactions that occur in the glycolysis and Kreb cycle
1. G3P + Glutamate = Cystenine, Serine, and Glycine
2. Pyruvate + Glutamate = Alanine + Leucine + Valine
3. PEP + Glutamate = Tyrosine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan
4. Oxaloacetate + Glutamate -> Aspartate -> Asparagine, Lysine, Threonine, Methionine, Isoleucine
5. Glutamate -> Glutamine, proline, Arginine, Histidine

In conclusion, Glutamate starts all of these reactions

Question 5

Fatty Acid and lipid biosynthesis

Answer 5

IN PLASTIDS
- Acetyl -CoA goes into
- Fatty acid synthase complex (8 cycles)
-FASC uses 2 NADPH, 1 ATP per Acetyl-CoA
Result: Makes Fatty acid

TWO Routes: (Both routes have fatty acids encounter with Desaturase enzyme)
1. Continue to plastids….
and is converted to Phosphatidic acid -> Glycolipids

2. Go into in ER
   - Phosphatidic acid (4 routes with multiple steps) Convert into…
3. Phospholipids
4. Triglycerides
5. Cuticle Cutin waxes
6. Go into plastids

Question 6

Lipid Breakdown (e.g. seeds in germination)

Answer 6

What is used initially in reaction:
oil body, liposomes, oleosome, and 1. Triglycerides (Hydrolyzed)—> Fatty acid

Glyoxysome (seeds)
Peroxisome (other sells)

2. Fatty acid + CoA = Acyl-CoA and goes into the Beta oxidation with oxygen added

Produces: NADH and peroxide (H2O2)
and
Acetyl- CoA —> Succinate

Mitochondrion
Succinate —->

Cytosol
- Malate —-> PEP —-> Gluconeogenesis
Stoichiometric: 1 fatty acid produces 8 acetyl-CoA’s