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ENVS 212 > Lecture 9: Species, Species Concept, and Speciation > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Species, Species Concept, and Speciation Flashcards

1
Q

Who collected birds in New Guinea?

A

Ernst Mayr

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2
Q

How many species did Ernst Mayr recognize?

A

137

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3
Q

Why are species important?

A

They are the currency with which we do our studies as biologists

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4
Q

What are the two most commonly used species concepts?

A

Biological Species Concept
Phylogenetic Species Concept

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5
Q

Who defined the biological species concept?

A

Ernst Mayr

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6
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

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7
Q

What are 2 cons of of the BSC?

A

1) doesn’t apply to asexual organisms and fossils

2) testable with sympatric populations, not allopatric ones

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8
Q

Why is testing for reproductive isolation in lab not feasible for some species? (2 reasons)

A

1) Species might mate in lab but not in nature

2) Individuals viable in the lab may not survive in nature

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9
Q

Who defined the morphological species concept?

A

Eldredge and Cracraft

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10
Q

What is the morphological species concept?

A

Species are recognized by similarity in morphological characters. There are consistent differences from other species (morphological gaps), particularly in sympatry

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11
Q

Which types of species can’t be told apart by morphology?

A

Sibling or cryptic species

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12
Q

What is the evolutionary species concept?

A

Distinct lineages

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13
Q

Who made the evolutionary species concept?

A

G. G. Simpson

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14
Q

What is the recognition species concept?

A

A set of organisms that recognize each other as potential mates

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15
Q

How do moths display the recognition species concept?

A

Pheromonal recognition

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16
Q

What did Joel Cracraft believe?

A

Organisms are grouped because of evidence for monophyly

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17
Q

What is monophyly?

A

A group of species that have a common ancestor

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18
Q

What are the three steps to delimiting species common to all species concepts?

A

1) Survey morphological variation within/among populations

2) Group individuals into taxa

3) Rank taxa in taxonomic hierarchy

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19
Q

What is the phylogenetic species concept?

A

A species is the smallest diagnosable cluster of individual organisms within which there is a PARENTAL pattern of ancestry and descent

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20
Q

Where do BSC and PSC diverge? How?

A

When ranking taxa in taxonomic hierarchy

BSC: ranking based on reproductive compatibility

PSC: ranking based on diagnosability

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21
Q

What is the taxonomic hierarchy?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

22
Q

Which species concept is pattern based?

A

PSC

23
Q

Which species concept is process based?

A

BSC

24
Q

How does grouping work for the BSC?

A

BSC groups individuals based on morphological differences into two taxa, and if they hybridize, rank as subspecies

25
Q

How does grouping work for the PSC?

A

Morphology reveals two groups with independent evolutionary histories, ranks as species whether hybridizing or not

26
Q

What is hybridization?

A

When two evolutionary species (distinct lineages) come together and interbreed

27
Q

How do you determine how long it takes for hybridization to “erase” evidence of independent evolution?

A

Cline theory

28
Q

PSC considers hybridization to be an ____ trait

A

ancestral

29
Q

What do brown towhees show the problems with?

A

The problems with BSC in allopatry

30
Q

Hybridization in allopatric populations BSC vs PSC

A

BSC: guessing if allopatric populations could hybridize led to wrong classification

PSC: no guessing if allopatric populations could hybridize

31
Q

Under BSC, hybridizing groups are considered to be the ____ species

A

same species

32
Q

What is one criticism of PSC?

A

Results in too many species and every individual might end up being a species

33
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

a single ancestor radiated (speciated) into many current species

34
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

speciation by geographic isolation

35
Q

What are the two kinds of isolation in allopatric speciation?

A

Vicariance: physical barrier

Peripatric (peripheral isolate): migration/dispersal

36
Q

Which of the two kinds of isolation in allopatric speciation occurs quicker?

A

Peripatric (peripheral isolate)

37
Q

What is parapatric speciation?

A

when you have a main geographic distribution with nearby habitats/niches that are different…and species go to these new niches and eventually become a distinct species

38
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

polymorphism (such as mutation) occurs in original population…polymorphism spreads within population and new species forms

39
Q

What is assortative mating?

A

Mating with individuals of similar characteristics

40
Q

What is the effect of assortative mating on gene flow?

A

Gene flow is reduced

41
Q

Which type of speciation happens most?

A

Allopatric speciation

42
Q

Which type(s) of speciation doesn’t require a barrier?

A

Parapatric and sympatric

43
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

Instant speciation…entire genome is doubled

44
Q

What is a hybrid zone, what are the two types of hybrid zones, and when do they occur?

A

regions where genetically distinct groups of individuals meet and mate

Primary hybrid zone: in parapatric speciation

Secondary hybrid zone: with allopatric speciation and subsequent secondary contact

45
Q

What can hybrid zones result in? What does that concept mean?

A

Introgression, when alleles are spread from one species into another

46
Q

What are the two main reasons why monkeyflowers aren’t very successful at reproduction?

A

Elevational separation
Pollinator isolation

47
Q

What are the two categories of prezygotic isolating mechanisms?

A

Pre-mating and post-mating

48
Q

What are two types of pre-mating isolation?

A

Ecological isolation, meet but don’t mate

49
Q

What are the two types of ecological isolation? What do they mean?

A

Temporal isolation: reproduce at different times

Habitat isolation: occupy different habitats

50
Q

What are the two types of “meet but don’t mate” isolation?

A

Sexual isolation: reproductively isolated

Pollinator isolation: don’t get pollinated by the same species

51
Q

What are the three types of post-mating isolation?

A

Mechanical isolation: genitals not compatible

Copulatory isolation: issues during/after copulation

Gametic isolation: gametes incompatible

ENVS 212 (10 decks)

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