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ENVS 212 > Lecture 4: Natural Selection and Adaptation > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Natural Selection and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation (noun)

A

Features that enhance survival and reproduction

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2
Q

Natural selection is not goal oriented, ________

A

it just happens

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3
Q

How have cacti adapted to prevent water loss? (3 ways)

A

1) lack leaves

2) thicker stems

3) hairs that reflect light and reduce body temperature

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4
Q

What do soapberry bugs do?

A

They pierce the seed pod of soapberry plants to feed on the seeds

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5
Q

Where have soapberry plants been introduced?

A

Texas and Florida

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6
Q

Florida’s introduced soapberry plants are ____ than the native plants

A

smaller

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7
Q

Texas’s introduced soapberry plants are ____ than the native plants

A

larger

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8
Q

What are the results of soapberry plant introduction?

A

In Texas, soapberry bugs have evolved longer beaks. In Florida, soapberry bugs have evolved shorter beaks.

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9
Q

Why has DDT resistance increased?

A

there is a cumulative number of arthropod pests evolving resistance to DDT over time as DDT use has increased over time

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10
Q

What is cryptic coloration?

A

An adaptation where organisms blend in with their surroundings to avoid predators

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11
Q

Explain background matching in Lice

A

Two species of lice live in the Purple-throated fruitcrow. One of them has a more rounded body and lives on the head and neck where the bird cannot see it. The other lives on the body where the host can see it and preen it off. The body lice is darker and matches the color of the fruitcrow.

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12
Q

Explain lice background matching in pigeons

A

Light colored lice live on the Australian pied imperial pigeon. Dark colored lice live on the Rock pigeon.

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13
Q

Host preening

A

Birds using their beaks to position their feathers and remove lice

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14
Q

Vestigial feature

A

Features that are not used.
Ex: remnants of eyes in cave
fish

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15
Q

Which two people introduced the word “exaptation?”

A

Stephen Jay Gould and Elizabeth Vrba

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16
Q

What is exaptation

A

A trait that has evolved for one purpose but is now used for another purpose

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17
Q

Why did feathers evolve?

A

They weren’t used simply for flight

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18
Q

What is an important example of an intermediate fossil that we learned about?

A

Archaeopteryx

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19
Q

Analysis of Archaeopteryx revealed that …

A

Feathers evolved for display, not flight

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20
Q

What is differential reproduction success?

A

Individuals leave more offspring in the next generation than do others often due to traits that create advantages in survival and reproduction

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21
Q

What are heritable phenotypes?

A

Phenotypes that can be inherited, “each phenotype has a genotype”

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22
Q

Adaptedness

A

the ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment; the cumulative product of natural selection

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23
Q

Adaptation (verb)

A

The process through which adaptedness is acquired

24
Q

Fitness

A

relative measure of reproductive success of individuals

25
Q

Sexual selection involves which two factors that influence reproductive success?

A

competition for mates (male/male competition)

mate choice (female choice for traits in males)

26
Q

Neutral allele

A

Do not alter fitness

27
Q

How do the frequency of neutral alleles change?

A

Via genetic drift

28
Q

What are the two types of mutation?

A

Synonymous and nonsynonymous

29
Q

What is a synonymous mutation?

A

the amino acid doesn’t change

30
Q

What is a nonsynonymous mutation?

A

the amino acid changes

31
Q

Genic selection

A

Natural selection acting at the level of the gene

32
Q

Transposable elements (transposons)

A

Self-replicating DNA sequences

33
Q

Who discovered transposons?

A

Barbara McClintock

34
Q

Evidence suggests that transposons cause what?

A

A majority of mutations

35
Q

Who created the concept of group selection?

A

Wynne-Edwards

36
Q

What is group selection?

A

Natural selection acts at the level of the group, not at the level of the individual

37
Q

How does group selection explain the purpose of territories?

A

the population as a whole benefited from the rationing effects of territoriality

38
Q

Who disagreed with group selection theory?

A

George Williams

39
Q

Altruism

A

individuals might do things for the good of the group

40
Q

George Williams argued that what type of selection occurs?

A

Individual selection

41
Q

What did George Williams say about selfish genotypes?

A

The selfish genotype becomes fixed, even if it increases the chance of population extinction

42
Q

What illustrates the problem of cheaters and altruism?

A

Lemming Myth: populations of lemmings in the arctic throw themselves into the sea for the good of the group. All it takes is one cheater that doesn’t do this, and the cheaters prevail

43
Q

Why did JBS Haldane say “I would save two brothers or eight cousins?”

A

Siblings share 50% of genes

Cousins share 25% of genes

44
Q

Inclusive fitness is a measure of …

A

The relative number of an individual’s alleles that are passed onto future generations

45
Q

What are the two components of inclusive fitness?

A

Direct and indirect

46
Q

What is direct fitness?

A

the result of individuals own reproductive success

47
Q

What is indirect fitness?

A

when the individual helps relatives

48
Q

What is kin selection due to?

A

selection acting indirectly to help relatives

49
Q

Microevolution

A

result of natural selection on individual species

50
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolution at the group level instead of the individual species level

51
Q

How has adaptation led to changes in the mollusk eye?

A

Adaptations have resulted in complexity in the eyes of mollusks

52
Q

What is an example of available variation?

A

The panda having a “false” thumb

53
Q

Historical constraint

A

since evolution does not “design” organisms from scratch, each step is contingent on preceding steps

54
Q

Pleiotropy

A

a gene can have more than one effect

55
Q

What was the result of the Galapagos finches study?

A

Finches with different sized bills adapted to eating different size seeds

ENVS 212 (10 decks)

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