Lecture 9 - Reading Models Flashcards
What are two types of non-words?
Pronounceable and unpronounceable
What is the dual-route model?
The first full model of reading, which displays two possible routes of processing of a word, in order for it to be spoken.
Describe the typical route in the dual-route model.
The typical route is as follows:
- early visual processing
- letter/grapheme recognition
- orthographic input lexicon
- semantic system (if meaning of the word is known)
- OR straight to the phonological output lexicon (if the meaning of the word is unknown)
- phonological encoding (phoneme system)
- Speech
What is the orthographic input lexicon?
The mental dictionary for written words
What is the phonological output lexicon?
The mental dictionary for speech
Describe the non-typical route in the dual-route model.
Non-typical route:
- early visual processing
- letter/grapheme recognition
- GPC system (converts letters into sounds)
- Phonological encoding (phoneme system)- Speech
What does GPC stand for, and what is it?
Grapheme/Phoneme Conversion system. It converts letters into sounds as part of the non-typical route in the dual-route model of reading.
Which route of the dual route model do regular words get processed by?
Either.
Which route of the dual route model do irregular words get processed by?
Only the lexical (direct) orthographic input lexicon route.
why cant irregular words be processed by the GPC route? - some low frequency words ARE.
Which route of the dual route model do non-words and novel words get processed by?
The GPC route, because there won’t be any matches/relevant information for irregular words in the orthographic input lexicon.
Which is the non-lexical route in the dual route model?
The GPC route
Which is the lexical (direct) route in the dual route model?
The typical orthographic input lexicon route.
If the lexical route is impaired, which type of words will sufferers have difficulty with?
Irregular words
What type of error would be seen if the lexical route is impaired and irregular words are presented?
Regularisation errors.
e.g. ‘colonel’ would be pronounced ‘ko-lo-nel’ rather than ‘kernal’.
Irregular words would be pronounced according to how they look, or according to how other similar (rhyming) words are pronounced - e.g. ‘pint’ would be pronounced like ‘mint’.
What is surface dyslexia?
An acquired dyslexia, i.e occurring as a result of injury/brain trauma & stroke.
How do individuals with surface dyslexia perform when pronouncing regular and irregular words?
Individuals with surface dyslexia perform well with regular words (use both routes), but have poor accuracy with irregular words.
Which words would sufferers find difficult to pronounce if there was damage to the GPC route?
Non-words. No difficulty with regular words.
What type of errors do individuals with damage to the GPC route make?
Lexicalisation errors
What are lexicalisation errors?
Non words are pronounced as an existing word that looks alike (e.g. cet is pronounced as cat).
Which type of acquired dyslexia is likely if damage has been sustained to the GPC, non-lexical route?
Phonological dyslexia.
What is deep dyslexia?
Possibly a more serious form of phonological dyslexia (which results from damage to the GPC). Leads to difficulties in reading many different types of words, including non-words, function words, abstract words and more.
It’s defining feature is semantic paralexia.
What is semantic paralexia?
The defining feature of deep dyslexia, a more severe form of phonological dyslexia.
Leads sufferers to produce words that are related in meaning, but not the correct word for the picture/target.
Why are there so many symptoms in sufferers with deep dyslexias?
Damage to the semantic system and several associated areas - more extended damage than those with surface dyslexia.
What did Glushko (1979) find about the lexical effects of reading non words?
Neighbours of the non-word TAZE all follow the same rule (maze, blaze, daze)
But neighbours of the non-word TAVE have one exception - have.
This exception leads PPS to make more ‘errors’ in pronouncing TAVE according to the exception, and take more time in doing so.
Therefore words present in the lexicon, as part of the lexical route, can influence processing of non-words in the GPC route.
What did Glushko (1979) find about the regularity effects of reading regular words?
According to the dual-route model, consistent and inconsistent regular words should be processed the same, as they would both enter the lexical route.
However, Glushko (1979) found that regular consistent words were pronounced more quickly, and with fewer errors than regular inconsistent words.
This indicates that not all words are processed in the same way, even when they are in the same route/pathway.
What is the difference between regular consistent and regular inconsistent words?
Regular consistent words do not have exceptions in the way that they are pronounced, whereas regular inconsistent words do.
What is the model called that has been modified in order to accommodate the evidence found against the original dual route model?
The dual route cascaded model.
What does the dual route cascaded model propose?
The dual route cascaded model proposes that both routes are active at the same time, and race against each other. Whichever route is faster leads to processing of that word.
If the word is in the mental lexicon and is high frequency, it is very likely that the lexicon route will be faster. If it isn’t, both routes have a chance.
Which model has been proposed as an alternative to the dual route model, in light of evidence against it?
The connectionist neural network model
What does the connectionist neural network model propose?
Words themselves are not represented - models learn to read aloud, and learn from feedback to develop the correct pronunciation.
