Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Psycholinguistics > Lecture 1/Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1/Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What two ideas of language did Noam Chomsky distinguish between?

A

Competence and performance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is competence according to Chomsky?

A

Idealised linguistic competence. Concerns our abstract knowledge of language and the judgements we would make about language if we had sufficient time and memory capacity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is performance according to Chomsky?

A

Actual linguistic performance. The sentences that we actually produce.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is performance influenced by?

A

Time and memory capacity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Grammaticality judgements are based on what?

A

Implicit knowledge of the syntactic rules of your language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When Chomsky says grammar is generative, what does he mean?

A

Finite number of rules in language can generate an infinite number of sentences/combinations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does ‘s’ stand for?

A

Sentence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does ‘NP’ stand for?

A

Noun phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does ‘VP’ stand for?

A

Verb phase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does ‘DET’ mean?

A

Determiner (e.g. the, an, a).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What must a sentence consist of?

A

A noun phase and a verb phrase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What must a noun phrase consist of?

A

(Determiner) (Adjective) Noun (PP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does a verb phrase consist of?

A

Verb (NP) (PP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are phonetics?

A

Speech sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is phonology?

A

Sound system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is morphology?

A

Word formation - the way that complex words are made up of smaller units called morphemes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is syntax?

A

Sentence structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does PP stand for?

A

Prepositional phrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do articulatory properties refer to?

A

How speech sounds are made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do auditory properties refer to?

A

How speech sounds are perceived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does acoustic properties refer to?

A

The physical properties of sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does IPA stand for?

A

International phonetic alphabet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the IPA propose?

A

Guides for how different sounds should be pronounced. Proposes that 1 symbol = 1 sound, and that no two sounds can ever be exactly the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are phones?

A

Any distinct speech sound.

The smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech that is able to be transcribed with an IPA symbol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are phonemes?

A

The sounds in your language that can distinguish between words.

26
Q

What are minimal pairs, and what are they used for?

A

Used to determine the phonemes of a language. An example of minimal pairs would be two words that are exactly the same, but only differ on one sound.

27
Q

What is a template?

A

An exemplar example of a phoneme

28
Q

What is the invariance problem?

A

The same phoneme can sound different depending on the context in which it occurs.

29
Q

What is the segmentation problem?

A

Sounds slur together and therefore cannot be easily separated.

30
Q

What are semantics?

A

The study of meaning.

31
Q

What are pragmatics?

A

The study of (practical) language use.

32
Q

What are the two types of morphology?

A
  • Inflectional

- Derivational

33
Q

What is inflectional morphology?

A

Changes to a word that do not alter it’s underlying meaning or syntactic category.

E.g. pluralisation (house - houses, mouse - mice) and verb tense changes (kiss - kissed, chase - chased)

34
Q

What is the study of changes to a word that do not alter it’s underlying meaning or syntactic category?

A

Inflectional morphology.

35
Q

What is derivational morphology?

A

Concerned with changes to a word that alter it’s underlying meaning or syntactic category.

E.g. develop –> redevelop, development, developmental

36
Q

What are 3 examples of phonetic features?

A
  • Voicing
  • Place of articulation (labial, lips, etc)
  • Manner of articulation (stops, fricative)
37
Q

What is the study of changes to a word that alter it’s underlying meaning or syntactic category?

A

Derivational morphology.

38
Q

A word has been defined as what, and by who?

A

Crystal (1997) - “The smallest unit of grammar that can stand on it’s own as a complete utterance, separated with spaces in written language”

39
Q

What is orthography?

A

The written appearance of a word.

40
Q

What is the lexicon?

A

Adults’ mental dictionary, containing all the information they know abot a word, including it’s sounds (phonology), meaning (semantics), written appearance (orthography) and it’s syntactic roles.

41
Q

What was ELIZA?

A

A computer (AI) program which simulated a non-directive, Rogerian therapist, devised by Weizenbaum (1966).

42
Q

What has the conventional AI approach contributed to our understanding of human language?

A

Better understanding of syntax and how we make inferences in story comprehension.

43
Q

What does ATN stand for?

A

Augmented transition networks

44
Q

What do ATNs do?

A

Augmented transition networks are computer programs that are powerful enough to analyse the structure of any sentence, however complicated it is.

45
Q

What is parsing?

A

Computing underlying syntactic structure of sentences

46
Q

What are the lowest levels of the ATN made of?

A

Made up of states corresponding to syntactic constituents such as nouns, verbs, noun phrases and verb phrases.

47
Q

What do arcs do?

A

Join the lowest levels of the ATN together.

48
Q

When do transitions to other subnetworks within the ATN occur?

A

When a phrase or word is analysed.

49
Q

What augments the power of ATN networks, and how?

A

Conditions on the arcs between states and actions to be performed.

50
Q

Do ATNs work top-down or bottom-up? Why, according to how they function?

A

ATNs work top down - they attempt to find a particular syntactic component within a sentence (e.g. determinant of a noun phrase), and work

51
Q

What is a module?

A

A self-contained set of processes which convert an input to an output and is independent of other external processes.

52
Q

What is the defining characteristic of autonomous models?

A

Models in which processing is purely data driven.

53
Q

What is the defining characteristic of interactive models?

A

Processes inside a model can be influenced by, and itself influence, other processes outside the model.

54
Q

How does processing occur in a cascade model?

A

Information is allowed to flow from one level to the following level before it has finished it’s processing.

55
Q

How does processing occur in a cascade model?

A

Information is allowed to flow from one level to the following level before it has finished it’s processing.

56
Q

Do models that allow feedback have bottom up or top down processing?

A

They can have both.

57
Q

What are the two predictions of the modularity hypothesis?

A
  1. the information accessed during each processing stage should be invariant across all contexts
  2. The speed with which information becomes available should not be influenced by context outside that processing stage.
58
Q

What is physical modularity?

A

Concerned with whether psychological processes are localised in one part of the brain.

59
Q

What is processing modularity?

A

In principle a set of processes might be distributed across the brain yet have a modular role in the processing model.

60
Q

What is an allophone?

A

A variation in the pronunciation of a single phoneme. (e.g. how the p is pronounced in pin vs spin)

Intro to Psycholinguistics (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions