Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physical Agents > Lecture #9 (Infrared Agents) > Flashcards

Lecture #9 (Infrared Agents) Flashcards

1
Q

True or false:

Infrared agents are by far the most common agents used by athletic trainers.

A

True.

They are used in conjunction with many other physical agents to achieve multiple effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Both cold and heat are adjuncts to therapeutic exercise. Why?

A

Cold helps to numb the area before exercise, allowing for greater work to be done.
Heat helps in collagen extensibility, ROM, analgesia, or as an artificial warm-up before exercise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Infrared agents fall within the infrared spectrum. Between what two other things do they fall?

A

Between the visible light spectrum and microwave diathermy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Do infrared agents have long or short wavelengths? What is the implication of this?

A

Short–so they cannot penetrate deep into the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the wavelength for heat? For cold?

A 
Heat= 1-2mm
Cold= 1cm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does thermotherapy do?

A

Raise tissue temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does cryotherapy do?

A

Lower tissue temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does hydrotherapy do?

A

Use water to either raise or lower tissue temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or false:

We can get cooling to occur in tissues deeper than 1cm.

A

True: this is because the deeper tissues will lose some of their heat to the colder, more superficial tissues. Cooling can be able to occur 3cm deep tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are infrared agents effective in controlling swelling?

A

Because of the ability to reduce secondary hypoxic injury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ice massage, cold packs, hydrocollator packs, cold spray, contrast bath, ice immersion, paraffin bath, cryo-cuff, and game ready all transfer heat energy by way of what?

A

Conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hot/warm whirlpool, cold whirlpool, and fluidotherapy all transfer heat energy by way of what?

A

Convection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is conduction?

A

Transfer of heat energy by direct contact (such as a cold pack)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is convection?

A

Transfer of heat energy by circulation of a medium around the object (such as a whirlpool)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is radiation?

A

Transfer of heat energy from a warmer source to a colder source through a conduction medium such as air (example would be a heat lamp).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Absorption of heat energy as a result of conversion of a substance from a liquid to a gas (such as a cold spray–vapocoolant spray).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the effects in the tissues from cold? (x5)

A

Decrease temperature, decrease metabolism, decrease pain, decrease muscle spasm, and increase tissue stiffness. There are also circulatory and inflammatory effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How long does it take a cold agent to cool superficial areas to close of their max?

A

About 5 minutes. This is because surface temperature of the skin is usually about 5 degrees C colder than the cold agent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or false:

Your skin is constantly loosing heat to the cooler environment

A

True–otherwise we would overheat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or false:

There are temperature gradients away from the body (including the skin surface).

A

This is true for both cold agent use and everyday scenarios. Think of ice bucket immersion-the interface temperature may be 45 degrees but the water is 33 degrees.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can break up the temperature gradients?

A

Agiation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What established the temperature gradients or temperature zones?

A

The loss of heat into the agent from the body part.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an example of an agent that will not allow for temperature zones to be created?

A

Cold whirlpools because the water is constantly being agitated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True or false:

Anything between the agent and the skin surface will not disrupt the interface and cause less transfer of energy.

A

False. Having air inside the fibers of a towel will have an insulation effect that will not allow for as much cold energy to be transferred to the body part.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Body tissues lose heat to the cold agent in what order?

A
  • Epidermis loses heat to the agent
  • Dermis loses heat to the epidermis
  • Bone, fat, muscles, ligaments, and tendons lose heat to the dermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do skin and subcutaneous tissue react to ice?

A

They have a great initial cooling but then the cooling slows down until its effects plateau.

27
Q

How do deep tissues react to ice?

A

They do not cool right away, but instead they gradually start to cool after several minutes and then plateau after a subtle change. (temperature changes do not occur due to penetration of ice, but instead it loses heat to more superficial tissue).

28
Q

What results in the plateau of cooling effects in the tissues?

A

The body will dissipate the cooling effects with circulation.

29
Q

What is a good insulator of tissues?

A

Fat–it can decrease the depth of penetration of the cold.

30
Q

What causes greater amounts of heat exchange?

A
  • the warmer the tissue, the greater the transfer to a cold agent
  • the colder the agent, the greater the conduction of body heat
31
Q

The energy gained by the agent can cause what? (x2) What can help decrease the amount of energy gained by the agent?

A
  • melt ice and warm water

- circulation (such as a whirlpool) can help remove the energy gained by the agent and keep its temperature cooler

32
Q

What does heat storage capacity do?

A

Determines how much the agent will actually cool you.

33
Q

What determines heat storage capacity?

A

The agent’s size, properties, and temperature.

34
Q

What is latent heat of fusion?

A

The amount of energy needed to convert a solid to a liquid without changing temperature.

35
Q

Why do we put ice on athletes instead of just really cold water?

A

Its better for deep cooling because of the latent heat of fusion.

36
Q

What is specific heat?

A

The amount of energy required to raise 1 Kg of a substance by 1 degree C.

37
Q

If a substance has a greater specific heat, then greater of this is needed to change the temperature

A

Energy

38
Q

Does water have a higher or lower specific heat?

A

High–this is what regulates our body temperature efficiently. It has a specific heat of 4,186 J/Kg -1.

39
Q

What is the specific heat of ice to ice? What about ice to water?

A

Ice to ice= 2,090 J/Kg-1

Ice to water= 333,000 J/Kg-1

40
Q

True or false:

A patient may develop a lower than normal temperature in a body part that is regularly iced.

A

True= people can accommodate to the cold.

41
Q

What is the cold treatment time for a small, superficial area? Small joints and muscles? Large joints and muscles?

A

Small area= 10-15 min
Small joints and muscles= 15-20 min
Large joints and muscles= 20-30 min

42
Q

What is the recommendation for immediate care after an injury?

A
  • ice for 20 minutes with compression and elevation
  • compression and elevation for 20-40 minutes without ice
  • repeat for first 12-72 hours post injury
43
Q

What takes longer to re-warm after using a cold agent, muscles or extremities? What can decrease the re-warming time?

A

Extremities. Muscles have more circulation. Activity following the treatment can greatly decrease the re-warming time.

44
Q

How long does it take fingers to re-warm? Ankles?

A 
Fingers= 10-15 min
Ankles= 60-90 min
45
Q

True or false:

Compression is no different if it is applied over or under the ice

A

True-so keep the ice on the skin.

46
Q

Why does compression and elevation help decrease tissue temperatures when used with ice?

A

Decreased circulation, increased interface, insulates the agent.

47
Q

What are some effects of cold?

A

Redness, increase heart rate and blood pressure, vasoconstriction, control edemma, discharge cold receptors, shivering, reduce spasms, decrease nerve veolcity, reduce metabolism, increase pain threshold, decrease elasticity, and increase threshold of muscle spindle.

48
Q

What are some sensations felt by the patient from cold?

A

Cold, deep aching pain, pain plateaus or decreases, pins and needles, numbness, and bouts of pain intervals.

49
Q

How does cold decrease hemmorhaging?

A

Vasoconstriction (limits size of injured vessel)
Adhesivedness in endothelial cells
Increases viscosity of blood (flows slower)

50
Q

How does cold decrease swelling?

A

By decreasing the amount of injury to the tissues.

51
Q

What is secondary hypoxic injury?

A

Injury that occurs to surrounding tissues due to a lack of oxygen and nutrients caused by inflammation.

52
Q

What decrease in temperature will lower oxygen needed by 50%?

A

10 degrees–every 1 degree F decrease is equal to 5% decrease in metabolism.

53
Q

What can increase secondary hypoxic injury?

A

Heat

54
Q

True or false:

Cold can have positive effects on superficial wound healing.

A

True–it can limit the spread of infection, slow the growth of bacteria, and help control pain with burns.

55
Q

How does cold produce analgesia?

A

It cools the superficial nerves causing decreased conduction velocity and increased transmission time, and increases the refractory period.

56
Q

What does cold to do muscle spindles and GTOs?

A

Slows their transmission velocities and sensitivities.

57
Q

True or false:

It takes roughly half the time for ice massage to cool a body part than a ice pack.

A

True–temperature zones cannot be created.

58
Q

How far away should the body part be from the turbine in a whirlpool?

A

12-18 inches

59
Q

Temperature of whirlpool for extremity? Whole body? Treatment times?

A

Extremity=50-60 degrees (15-20 minutes)

Body= 65-80 degrees (15-20 minutes)

60
Q

What cold agent is often used as an adjunct to stretching to help break pain-spasm-pain cycle?

A

Vapocoolant –can also be used for trigger point release

61
Q

What is the common chemical used in vaopcoolants?

A

Flouri-Methane

62
Q

What are contraindications for cold agents?

A

Imparied circulation, hypersensitivity to cold, skin anesthia, open wounds, hypertension, CAD, vasospastic disroders (Raynauds), cold allergy, over regeneration periherial nerve, cryoglobulinemia.

63
Q

What is the treatment for frostbite?

A

Immerse the body part in water at 100-104 degrees F (or 38-40 degrees C) and refer.

Physical Agents (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions