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Physical Agents > Lecture #3 > Flashcards

Lecture #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What four effects on tissue does electricity have?

A

Magnetic, chemical, mechanical, and thermal.

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2
Q

What are the three types of units of electrical stimulators?

A

1) TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators)
2) NMES/EMS (neuromuscular electrical stimulators/electrical muscular stimulators)
3) MENS/LIS (microcurent electrical nerve stimulators/low intensity stimulators)

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3
Q

What are the three types of electric current?

A

1) Monophasic (DC-like a battery)
2) Biphasic AC-(like an outlet)
3) Polyphasic (like premod and IFC)

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4
Q

What is an electrical current?

A

Charged particles moving or flowing through a conductor due to the application of an electrical field.

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5
Q

What is electrical current measured in? What does the unit mean?

A

Amperes–it refers to the rate in which electrons flow.

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6
Q

What is a coulomb?

A

The number of electrons flowing.

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7
Q

So if a coulomb represents the number of electrons flowing, then an ampere really is equal to:

A

1 coulomb/sec

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8
Q

Electrons are negatively charged, so they tend to flow from: through the electric current.

A

Highly negative areas to positive areas

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9
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged particle within matter that moves according to its charged properties (positive or negative)

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10
Q

What type of material allows for free movement of electrons? What type of material impedes free electron movement?

A

Conductors; insulators

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11
Q

What are some examples of good conductors? Insulators?

A 
Conductors= metals, electrolyte solutions, bodies
Insulators= air, wood, glass
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12
Q

What is polarity? Which conductor is positive and which is negative?

A

Two conductors with opposite charges:
Positive conductor = anode
Negative conductor = cathode

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13
Q

What is the flow of electrons in a polar circuit?

A

Fromm negative pole (cathode) to positive pole (anode).

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14
Q

What the electrical force (push or pump) which moves charged particles through a conductor between the two poles (anode and cathode)?

A

Voltage

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15
Q

What is the difference in the electrical potential of the electrons between the two poles?

A

Volt (V)

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16
Q

How is electrical power measured?

A

Watts = volts x amperes

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17
Q

The higher the voltage, the (blank) the current goes?

A

The higher the voltage, the deeper the current goes.

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18
Q

What is the property of a conductor which impedes electron flow or acts in opposition to the electron flow? What is this measured in?

A

Resistance; ohms.

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19
Q

What is Ohms Law?

A

Voltage= current x resistance

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20
Q

What is a continuous, unidirectional flow of electrons to a positive electric potential?

A

DC (direct current)

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21
Q

What is a continuous, bidirectional flow of electrons from negative and positive electric potentials, changing direction with the polarity reversed?

A

AC (alternating current)

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22
Q

What is a single cycle of a wavelength (one hump)?

A

Sine wave

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23
Q

An AC current has an inverse relationship between what two things? This means:

A

Cycle duration and frequency.

As frequency increases, the cycle duration (wavelength) will decrease (and vice versa).

24
Q

Discontinuous electrical currents deliver the current in a series of:

A

Pulses (on and off times in which no current is being delivered)

25
Q

In a biphasic pulsed current, a balanced pulse has equal charge amounts in each phase (even though they are opposite in polarity. What would be the net charge?

A

0

26
Q

In a biphasic pulsed current, an unbalanced pulse is unequal and produces a net charge. Technically, this current would be a what type of current by definition?

A

A DC current because there is only a charge on one side of the line.

27
Q

What are the four types of shapes of currents?

A

Sinusoidal, rectangular, square, or spiked.

28
Q

The direction of the waveform is based on what?

A

The electron flow towards polarity.

29
Q

What is a waveform described on? (x5)

A

Shape, direction, amplitude, duration, and frequency.

30
Q

What is the highest point of each pulse phase and is referred to as voltage and current intensity measured in mA?

A

Amplitude

31
Q

What is the time of the pulse from beginning to end of al phases measured in microseconds?

A

Pulse duration

32
Q

What is the number of pulses in one second?

A

Frequency (Hz, pps)

33
Q

What is an individual waveform with one or two phases?

A

Pulse

34
Q

What is the sum of the pulse duration and the interpulse interval?

A

Pulse period

35
Q

What is the portion of the pulse which rises above or below the isoelectric line?

A

Phase

36
Q

What is an interrupted train of pulses?

A

Burst

37
Q

What is the rate of rise?

A

The amount of time for a pulse to reach its peak amplitude.

38
Q

What does a slow rate of rise allow for? What does a fast rise do?

A

Accomodation or inexcitability of nervous tissue; increases excitability in tissue.

39
Q

What is the amount of time for a pulse to go from peak amplitude to 0 volts?

A

Decay time

40
Q

What is the effective range of frequency for human tissue?

A

1-200pps (because of the absolute refractory period of the nerve cell membranes)

41
Q

What type of frequency are electrical stimulators?

A

Low

42
Q

What is the sum of the “on-time” or the stimulation pulse delivery and the “off-time” or the duration of recovery?

A

Duty cycle

43
Q

What is alterations in the pulse amplitude or pulse duration? (It includes continous, interrupted, burst, or ramped)

A

Modulation. This tries to differ the stimulation to the so the body doesn’t accommodate to the current.

44
Q

Continuous modulation has a plateau in the current amplitude that makes an accumulation of ions at the electrodes. This causes acidic or alkaline changes.

Another name for continuous modulation is what? It is typically used in what process?

A

Medical galvanism; iontophoresis

45
Q

The 10/10, 10/30/, and 10/50 seens on machines is really what type of modulation?

A

Interrupted

46
Q

What type of modulation is typically used with muscle reeducation, muscle strengthening, and ROM techniques?

A

Interrupted modulation

47
Q

What is a pulsed current in a is turned on in a packet of three or more pulses delivered and then is turned off for a brief period?

A

Burst modulation

48
Q

What type of modulation occurs when the current amplitude is gradually increased or decreased over time ?

A

RAMP modulation

49
Q

What type of stimulation stimulates denervated muscle?

A

Galvanic

50
Q

What are the two types of circuits?

A

Series and parallel

51
Q

In a circuit, the current will choose the path of what?

A

Least resistance (aka the best conductors such as nerve, muscle, and blood).

52
Q

What is the difference between resistors in a series circuit and the resistors in a parallel circuit?

A

Series: resistors have greater resistance and lower current
Parallel: resistors have lower resistance and higher current

53
Q

Skin and fat transmit electrical current in what type of circuit?

A

Series

54
Q

Nerve, blood, muscle, and bone transmit current in what type of circuit?

A

Parallel (due to the fact that there is more than one path for the current to flow).

55
Q

What are the characteristics of a series circuit?

A
  • one path for electron flow
  • amperes are the same at any point on path
  • energy is lost as it has to push current through resistors
56
Q

What are the characteristics of a parallel circuit?

A
  • two or more paths between poles for electrons to follow
  • resistors of path are side-by-side
  • current passing through each resistor depends on its resistance
  • additional resistance added to circuit decreases overall resistance (because additional path is created)

Physical Agents (13 decks)

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