Lecture 9 - Concept and Categories

Question 1

Describe semantic networks.

Answer 1

(see relevant powerpoint slides for diagram)

Question 2

Describe a study that provides evidence for semantic networks and defining-attribute (DA) view.

Answer 2

• ‘Does a dog bark?’ Versus ‘Does a dog reproduce?’
• ‘Is a Dalmatian a dog?’ versus ‘Is a Dalmatian a mammal?’
• When asked to list defining attributes, people tend to start with ones on same level as ‘probe’ concept

CONCLUSION
• Speed of response depends on ‘distance’ travelled to find information

REFERENCE
Collins, A. & Quillian, M. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 240-247

Question 3

What are some problems with ‘defining attributes’?

Answer 3

• Certain attributes seem to be more salient (i.e., ‘stand out’) than others
– e.g., people mention pink as an attribute of SALMON more often than has fins

• Distance: “has fins” is further away in hierarchy (attribute of superordinate fish)
• Salience: Differences in speed of retrieval might be about difference in salience (more obvious attribute of salmon that distinguish it from other fish) rather than ‘distance’

An object’s defining attributes are not absolute; they seem to vary depending on our perspective, on the context, etc.

Suggests categories might be more flexible than the defining attribute view might imply
i.e., possession of a particular attribute doesn’t necessarily lead to a particular instance being assigned to a particular category

What something is is not necessarily as obvious as it might seem

Question 4

READ PAGES 449-452

Answer 4

(make notes if you want or just teach on whiteboard)

Question 5

READ PAGES 635

Answer 5

(make notes if you want or just teach on whiteboard)