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BS127: Agents Of Infectious Disease > Lecture 9. Challenges Faced by the Immune System and Overview > Flashcards

Lecture 9. Challenges Faced by the Immune System and Overview Flashcards

1
Q

How many serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae are there?

A

More than 90

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2
Q

What can Streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

A

Acute sinusitis, otitis media, meningitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, peritonitis, pericarditis, cellulitis as well as pneumonia

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3
Q

What bacteria competes with S. penumoniae?

A

Haemophilus influenzae, S. penumoniae attacks H. influenzae with hydrogen peroxide whilst H. influenzae signals to the immune system to attack the S. pneumoniae

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4
Q

What does C. tetani produce?

A

A potent neurotoxin tetanospasmin. When released in a wound it is absorbed into the circulation and reaches the ends of motor neurons all over the body, interfering with neurotransmitter release, and causing tetanus

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5
Q

What is the fatality rate of tetanus?

A

~40% cases

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6
Q

What causes African trypanosomiasis?

A

A protozoan carried by Tsetse flies
They acquire a dense layer of glycoproteins that continually change, allowing the parasite to dodge an attack from the host’s immune system

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7
Q

What does Pneumocystis carinii cause?

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia

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8
Q

What does Ascaris cause?

A

Ascariasis

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9
Q

What does Schistosoma cause?

A

Schistosomasis

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10
Q

What does Trypanosoma brucei cause?

A

Sleeping sickness

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11
Q

What does Mycobacterium leprae cause?

A

Leprosy

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12
Q

What does Leishmania donovani cause?

A

Leishmaniasis

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13
Q

What does Plasmoidum falciparum cause?

A

Malaria

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14
Q

What does Variola cause?

A

Smallpox

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15
Q

What does Influenza cause?

A

‘flu

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16
Q

What does Varicella cause?

A

Chickenpox

17
Q

What is the mutation rate during copying in HIV?

A

~1 in 10,000 bases

18
Q

Why is the antigenic drift rate being so high in HIV a problem?

A

It outpaces development of an effective immune response in an infected matrix individual and confounds attempts to develop vaccines

19
Q

How does HIV rapidly evolve?

A

Though mutation

20
Q

How does ‘Flu rapidly evolve?

A

Through recombination

21
Q

What caused the 1918 Spanish ‘flu epidemic?

A

A bird virus crossed the species barrier

22
Q

Which age group were mostaffected by the Spanish flu?

A

Healthy young adults (20-40 year olds)

23
Q

How many people died of Spanish flu?

A

20-50 million people died (between 1.2% and 3% of the world population at the time)

24
Q

How many people died of Asian flu in 1957?

A

~2 million

25
Q

What was the death rate of the Hong Kong ‘flu in 1968?

A

Low

26
Q

What is antigenic variation?

A

Pathogens altering their surface proteins to avoid host immune responses

27
Q

How do the lungs have an immune response?

A

A mucus layer containing pulmonary surfactants that reduce surface tension

28
Q

How does skin have an immune response?

A

Skin is dry and keratinised

29
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

Separates circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid
It has tight junctions around brain capillaries and are formidable obstacles to macromolecules of the adaptive system

30
Q

What is the innate arm of the immune system?

A

First line of defence, rapid
No memory, non-specific
Encoded in the germ-line
Found in fungi, plants, invertebrates and vertebrates

31
Q

What is the adaptive arm of the immune system?

A

Slow to adapt
Highly specific, has memory
Somatic gene recombination
Confined to vertebrate systems

32
Q

What is cell-mediated immuntiy?

A

Defence provided by specialised cells in blood and tissues: lymphocytes (adaptive immunity), granulocytes (innate immunity)

33
Q

What is humoural immunity?

A

Soluble-phase defence provided by secreted proteins in body fluids: immunoglobulins (adaptive immunity),
complement proteins (innate immunity)

34
Q

What does the humoral arm rely on?

A

Barriers and chemical warfare and makes calls for help

35
Q

What is the cell mediated arm comprised of?

A

A range of phagocytic cells and natural killer cells that destroy virus-infected cells: all these cells respond to calls for help from the innate humoural arm

36
Q

What is APC (antigen presenting cells)?

A

Instruct T cells which kill infected cells and regulate B cells. B cells make antibodies

BS127: Agents Of Infectious Disease (28 decks)

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