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BS127: Agents Of Infectious Disease > Lecture 1. Introduction To Microbiology > Flashcards

Lecture 1. Introduction To Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

Study of organisms too small to see with the naked
eye (bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa)
But some can be much larger, define microbiology NOT purely by size

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2
Q

What was Whittaker’s “Five kingdoms’

A

The crown taxa (plantae, Fungi, animalia), protista and bacteria
Incorrect

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3
Q

What are the actual three domains?

A

Bacteria, archaea and eukarya

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4
Q

What is the average size of most bacteria?

A

1-6 μm

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5
Q

What were archaea once thought to be?

A

Extremophiles only

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6
Q

When was the first non-extreme archaeon isolated?

A

2004

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7
Q

Are there any known pathogenic archaea?

A

No

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8
Q

What is the size of the largest fungal colony?

A

~10,000kg

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9
Q

What are most eukaryotes?

A

Protists

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10
Q

What is the size range of protists?

A

1-150μm

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11
Q

What is the distribution of microorganisms in cloud water?

A

10³-10⁴/ml

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12
Q

What is the distribution of microorganisms in sea water?

A

10⁶/ml

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13
Q

What is the distribution of microorganisms in soil?

A

10⁷-10⁹/g

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14
Q

What is the distribution of microorganisms in rivers and lakes?

A

10⁵-10⁷/ml

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15
Q

What is the distribution of microorganisms in the marine subsurface?

A

10⁶-10¹¹/ml

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16
Q

What is the distribution of microorganisms in human cells?

A

10¹³-10¹⁴

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17
Q

What is the distribution of microorganisms in bacterial cells?

A

10¹⁴

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18
Q

What is the estimated total of microbial cells on earth?

A

4-6x10³⁰

19
Q

Why are bacteria and archaea important?

A

Major portion of biomass on Earth and key reservoirs of nutrients for all life

20
Q

Why are there so many microorganisms?

A

Rapid growth rate even in the environment
Many chances of speciation through random mutations
Exchange of genetic material (lateral gene transfer)
Every available niche is occupied by specifically adapted
microbes
A very long evolutionary history (~3.8 billion years)

21
Q

What does phototroph mean?

A

Energy from light

22
Q

What does chemotroph mean?

A

Energy from chemical bonds

23
Q

What does organotroph mean?

A

Organic compounds as e⁻ donors

24
Q

What does lithotroph mean?

A

Inorganic compounds as e⁻ donors

25
Q

What does autotroph mean?

A

CO₂ as carbon source

26
Q

What does heterotroph mean?

A

Organic carbon as carbon source

27
Q

What are plants and cyanobacteria?

A

Photolithoautotrophs (Use light energy, water as e⁻ donor, fix carbon dioxide)

28
Q

What are animals and E. coli?

A

Chemoorganoheterotroph (Use chemical bond energy (e.g. O₂), organic compounds (e.g. sugars) as e⁻ donor and carbon source)

29
Q

What is Thiobacillus spp.?

A

Chemolithoautotroph (Use chemical bond energy, inorganic compound (reduced sulfur compounds) as e⁻ donor, fix carbon dioxide)

30
Q

What are the primary nutrients required to grow bacteria?

A

Macronutrients and micronutrients

31
Q

What are examples of macronutrients?

A

C (CO₂ or organic C), H, O, N, S, P, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Fe

32
Q

What are examples of micronutrients?

A

B, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, W, V, Zn

33
Q

What do prototrophs synthesise?

A

All their own cellular components (including all amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins)

34
Q

Why are there no complex materials in the defined medium for E. coli?

A

E. coli can make them all itself

35
Q

How does bacteria grow?

A

Asexual reproduction by binary fission or budding
Exponential growth because one cell becomes two
becomes four etc.
Incomplete separation produces pairs or larger assemblies of bacteria

36
Q

What are the four stages of microbe growth?

A

Lag phase
Log/exponential phase
Stationary phase
Death phase

37
Q

What occurs in the lag phase?

A

Microbes adapting to (new) conditions

38
Q

What occurs in the log/exponential phase?

A

Exponential growth in microbes

39
Q

What occurs in the stationary phase?

A

Limitation by nutrients, buildup of waste products that inhibit growth

40
Q

What occurs in the death phase?

A

Organisms start dying off and may lyse

41
Q

What is selective media?

A

Media that allows the growth of only some types of media (used to culture/identify presumed pathogens from clinical specimens)

42
Q

What is differential media?

A

Media that allows the identification of organisms
based on growth and appearance on that medium (often based on colour differences)

43
Q

What is ApiZym?

A

A common test system, mainly optimised
towards pathogens

BS127: Agents Of Infectious Disease (28 decks)

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