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Cell Biology > Lecture 9 - Apoptosis - Basic > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Apoptosis - Basic Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the point of apoptosis?

A

Balance the size of tissues - the same number of cells need to die as are born in order to maintain the size of a tissue

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2
Q

True or false: Tissues with the greatest frequencies of cell proliferation also exhibit the greatest frequencies of apoptosis.

A

True

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3
Q

What are the tissues with the greatest rates of cell proliferation and death?

A

Thymus, spleen, small intestine, epidermis, ovarian follicles

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4
Q

What triggers necrosis?

A

Sustained ischemia, physical, or chemical trauma

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5
Q

What triggers apoptosis?

A

Specific signals that activate specific genes

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6
Q

What happens to necrotic cells?

A

They swell, the organelles are damaged, and chromatin is randomly degraded. They lyse and organelles are destroyed.

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7
Q

What happens to apoptotic cells?

A

They shrink, the organelles stay intact, and the chromatin is degraded systematically. Membrane blebs and the cell contents are retained.

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8
Q

What is the end result of necrosis?

A

Inflammation

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9
Q

What is the end result of apoptosis?

A

Phagocytosis

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10
Q

What would DNA from a necrotized cell look like? From an apoptotic cell?

A

A smearBands of about 180 bp

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11
Q

Syndactyly

A

Webbed digits due to a lack of apoptosis

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12
Q

Polydactyly

A

Extra digits due to a lack of apoptosis

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13
Q

What is a disease that results from too much apoptosis?

A

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

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14
Q

What is characteristic of PKD?

A

Numerous cysts on the surface of the kidneys and large empty spaces in histological sections (the spaces should be full of glomeruli)

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15
Q

True or false: Apoptosis involves withdrawing serum and nutrients that are critical to the cell and this is an actin-based retraction process.

A

True

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16
Q

True or false: There are no varying degrees of serum withdrawal.

A

False

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17
Q

How is PKD inherited?

A

There is an autosomal dominant mutation on the PKD1 gene

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18
Q

True or false: Blebbing is not an actin-based process.

A

False

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19
Q

True or false: Apoptosis elicits an inflammatory response?

A

False

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20
Q

A DNA ladder is characteristic of what kind of cell death?

A

Apoptosis

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21
Q

What are the three phases of apoptosis?

A

Induction, modulation, and execution

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22
Q

What are the different types of apoptosis induction?

A

Physiologic activators, damage-related activators, and therapy-associated activators

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23
Q

What are the physiologic activators?

A

TNF-alpha, FasL, growth/survival factor withdrawal, glucocorticoids

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24
Q

What are the damage-related activators?

A

Viral infection, heat shock, toxins, tumor suppressors, oxidants/free radicals

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25
Q

What are the therapy-associated activators?

A

UV/gamma irradiation, chemotherapeutic drugs

26
Q

What are the major pathways of apoptosis induction?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic

27
Q

What does modulation of apoptosis do and what is the most important protein family of modulators?

A

It can change the rate at which cell death occurs and the most important modulators are the Bcl proteins

28
Q

Bcl proteins

A

Modulators of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis by up- or down-regulating it

29
Q

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

A

A cancer that develops as a result of either over-production of anti-apoptotic Bcl proteins or under-production of pro-apoptotic Bcl proteins

30
Q

Bcl-2

A

An anti-apoptotic protein

31
Q

BAD, BAX

A

Pro-apoptotic proteins

32
Q

What are the executioners of the cell?

A

Caspases followed by endonucleases; caspases are directly responsible for blebbing

33
Q

What is a critical feature of the extrinsic pathway?

A

It works by death receptors, death receptor domains, and death adapter proteins that are inside the cell and transduce the signal

34
Q

What are the two major death receptors?

A

TNF-alpha and Fas

35
Q

What does TNF stand for?

A

Tumor necrosis factor

36
Q

What do the adapter proteins that are triggered by the death receptors activate?

A

The beginning of the caspase cascade

37
Q

Which cells die - the cells that express the TNF-alpha and Fas receptors or the ones that send out the ligands?

A

The ones that express the receptors

38
Q

What do tumor cells make a lot of?

A

TNF-alpha

39
Q

What are two examples of immunologically privileged sites in the human body and what are they protected from?

A

The back of the eyes and the testes are protected by inflammatory responses

40
Q

What do capillaries in the eye express constitutively?

A

Fas ligand

41
Q

What do lymphocytes express constitutively?

A

Fas receptor

42
Q

What is one important executioner caspase?

A

Caspase III

43
Q

What is another name for the intrinsic pathway?

A

The mitochondrial pathway

44
Q

What is the stimulus of the intrinsic pathway?

A

Withdrawal of growth factors and hormones

45
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?Ischemia

A

ischemia - necrosis

46
Q

Is this necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?chemical and physical trauma

A

chemical and physical trauma - necrosis

47
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?p53

A

p53 - apoptosis - intrinsic pathway (intracellular receptor)

48
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?TNF-a

A

TNF-a: extrinsic pathway of apoptosis - intermembrane receptor

49
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?FAS-L / -R

A

FAS-L / -R: extrinsic pathway of apoptosis - transmembrane receptor

50
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?mitochondrial pathway

A

mitochondrial pathway - intrinsic pathway of apoptosis (in cell)

51
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?cell swelling and lysis prior to cell death

A

cell swelling and lysis prior to cell death - necrosis

52
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?organelle damage

A

organelle damage - necrosis

53
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?inflammation

A

inflammation - necrosis

54
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?random chromatin degradation / DNA smear on gel

A

random chromatin degradation / DNA smear on cell – necrosis

55
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?programmed cell death

A

programmed cell death = apoptosis

56
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?radiation

A

radiation - apoptosis

57
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?toxins

A

toxins - apoptosis

58
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?withdrawal of hormones

A

withdrawal of hormones - apoptosis

59
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?cell shrinks andblebs

A

cell shrinks and blebs - apoptosis

60
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?endocytic vesicles and phagocytosis

A

endocytic vesicles and phagocytosis - apoptosis

61
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?endonucleases cut the linkage regions between nucleosomes, resulting in DNA laddering (on a gel)

A

endonucleases cut the linkage regions between nucleosomes, resulting in DNA laddering (on a gel) - apoptosis

62
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?BCL

A

BCL - pro- and anti-apoptotic factors (intracellular) - intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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