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Cell Biology > Lecture 9 - Apoptosis > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Apoptosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the point of apoptosis?

A

Balance the size of tissues - the same number of cells need to die as are born in order to maintain the size of a tissue

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2
Q

True or false: Tissues with the greatest frequencies of cell proliferation also exhibit the greatest frequencies of apoptosis.

A

True

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3
Q

What are the tissues with the greatest rates of cell proliferation and death?

A

Thymus, spleen, small intestine, epidermis, ovarian follicles

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4
Q

What triggers necrosis?

A

Sustained ischemia, physical, or chemical trauma

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5
Q

What triggers apoptosis?

A

Specific signals that activate specific genes

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6
Q

What happens to necrotic cells?

A

They swell, the organelles are damaged, and chromatin is randomly degraded. They lyse and organelles are destroyed.

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7
Q

What happens to apoptotic cells?

A

They shrink, the organelles stay intact, and the chromatin is degraded systematically. Membrane blebs and the cell contents are retained.

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8
Q

What is the end result of necrosis?

A

Inflammation

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9
Q

What is the end result of apoptosis?

A

Phagocytosis

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10
Q

What would DNA from a necrotized cell look like? From an apoptotic cell?

A

A smear

Bands of about 180 bp

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11
Q

Syndactyly

A

Webbed digits due to a lack of apoptosis

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12
Q

Polydactyly

A

Extra digits due to a lack of apoptosis

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13
Q

What is a disease that results from too much apoptosis?

A

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

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14
Q

What is characteristic of PKD?

A

Numerous cysts on the surface of the kidneys and large empty spaces in histological sections (the spaces should be full of glomeruli)

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15
Q

True or false: Apoptosis involves withdrawing serum and nutrients that are critical to the cell and this is an actin-based retraction process.

A

True

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16
Q

True or false: There are no varying degrees of serum withdrawal.

A

False

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17
Q

How is PKD inherited?

A

There is an autosomal dominant mutation on the PKD1 gene

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18
Q

True or false: Blebbing is not an actin-based process.

A

False

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19
Q

True or false: Apoptosis elicits an inflammatory response?

A

False

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20
Q

A DNA ladder is characteristic of what kind of cell death?

A

Apoptosis

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21
Q

What are the three phases of apoptosis?

A

Induction, modulation, and execution

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22
Q

What are the different types of apoptosis induction?

A

Physiologic activators, damage-related activators, and therapy-associated activators

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23
Q

What are the physiologic activators?

A

TNF-alpha, FasL, growth/survival factor withdrawal, glucocorticoids

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24
Q

What are the damage-related activators?

A

Viral infection, heat shock, toxins, tumor suppressors, oxidants/free radicals

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25
Q

What are the therapy-associated activators?

A

UV/gamma irradiation, chemotherapeutic drugs

26
Q

What are the major pathways of apoptosis induction?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic

27
Q

What does modulation of apoptosis do and what is the most important protein family of modulators?

A

It can change the rate at which cell death occurs and the most important modulators are the Bcl proteins

28
Q

Bcl proteins

A

Modulators of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis by up- or down-regulating it

29
Q

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

A

A cancer that develops as a result of either over-production of anti-apoptotic Bcl proteins or under-production of pro-apoptotic Bcl proteins

30
Q

Bcl-2

A

An anti-apoptotic protein

31
Q

BAD, BAX

A

Pro-apoptotic proteins

32
Q

What are the executioners of the cell?

A

Caspases followed by endonucleases; caspases are directly responsible for blebbing

33
Q

What is a critical feature of the extrinsic pathway?

A

It works by death receptors, death receptor domains, and death adapter proteins that are inside the cell and transduce the signal

34
Q

What are the two major death receptors?

A

TNF-alpha and Fas

35
Q

What does TNF stand for?

A

Tumor necrosis factor

36
Q

What do the adapter proteins that are triggered by the death receptors activate?

A

The beginning of the caspase cascade

37
Q

Which cells die - the cells that express the TNF-alpha and Fas receptors or the ones that send out the ligands?

A

The ones that express the receptors

38
Q

What do tumor cells make a lot of?

A

TNF-alpha

39
Q

What are two examples of immunologically privileged sites in the human body and what are they protected from?

A

The back of the eyes and the testes are protected by inflammatory responses

40
Q

What do capillaries in the eye express constitutively?

A

Fas ligand

41
Q

What do lymphocytes express constitutively?

A

Fas receptor

42
Q

What is one important executioner caspase?

A

Caspase III

43
Q

What is another name for the intrinsic pathway?

A

The mitochondrial pathway

44
Q

What is the stimulus of the intrinsic pathway?

A

Withdrawal of growth factors and hormones

45
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

Ischemia

A

ischemia - necrosis

46
Q

Is this necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

chemical and physical trauma

A

chemical and physical trauma - necrosis

47
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

p53

A

p53 - apoptosis - intrinsic pathway (intracellular receptor)

48
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

TNF-a

A

TNF-a: extrinsic pathway of apoptosis - intermembrane receptor

49
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

FAS-L / -R

A

FAS-L / -R: extrinsic pathway of apoptosis - transmembrane receptor

50
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

mitochondrial pathway

A

mitochondrial pathway - intrinsic pathway of apoptosis (in cell)

51
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

cell swelling and lysis prior to cell death

A

cell swelling and lysis prior to cell death - necrosis

52
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

organelle damage

A

organelle damage - necrosis

53
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

inflammation

A

inflammation - necrosis

54
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

random chromatin degradation / DNA smear on gel

A

random chromatin degradation / DNA smear on cell – necrosis

55
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

programmed cell death

A

programmed cell death = apoptosis

56
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

radiation

A

radiation - apoptosis

57
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

toxins

A

toxins - apoptosis

58
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

withdrawal of hormones

A

withdrawal of hormones - apoptosis

59
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

cell shrinks and blebs

A

cell shrinks and blebs - apoptosis

60
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

endocytic vesicles and phagocytosis

A

endocytic vesicles and phagocytosis - apoptosis

61
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

endonucleases cut the linkage regions between nucleosomes, resulting in DNA laddering (on a gel)

A

endonucleases cut the linkage regions between nucleosomes, resulting in DNA laddering (on a gel) - apoptosis

62
Q

Is this condition/characteristic distinctive of necrosis or apoptosis? If it is apoptosis, which pathway does it go through (extrinsic or intrinsic)?

BCL

A

BCL - pro- and anti-apoptotic factors (intracellular) - intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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