Lecture 9 and 10 - Memory and Pair Bonding Flashcards
What is declarative memory?
what you know
What is non-declarative memory?
what you do (tend to be PROCEDURAL like riding a bike or playing a piano)
What is conditioning?
a more primitive form of nondeclarative memory such as salivating at the thought of a juicy steak
What is short term memory made of?
immediate and working memory
What is the process of going from short term memory to long term memory?
consolidation
What is an example that test working memory?
digit recall (average person can memorize 7 digits; chunking can help you memorize numbers)
What is anterograde amnesia and what is an example of it and what can cause it?
cannot establish new memories after the neurological insult
Example - HM who had hippocampal damage
-Induced - seizure, anesthesia drugs like benzodiazepines
What is retrograde amnesia and what can it be caused by?
cannot retrieve past memories before the neurological insult
-i.e. head trauma (coma), Alzheimers disease
What happened in the case of HM?
loss of short term declarative memory
-had a temporal lobe epilepsy and treated it by taking out parts of the temporal love including the hippocampus and was unable to consolidate new memories
What was seen in the HM MRI?
-amygdala, associated cortex, and rostral hippocampus are missing
-posterior hippocampus intact
What does not require the hippocampus?
procedural memory because HM did not have a deficit in procedural memory via the mirror drawing task
What was used to test the hippocampus and spatial learning in rodents?
-morris water maze (this is declarative memory cause the mice are born how to swim (not procedural) and they need to know the location of the platform)
-mice with lesioned hippocampus could not remember the platform after multiple trials
What parts of the brain store memories?
memories are stored outside of the hippocampus since HM could recall previous memories and nothing but completely removing huge parts of the brain could completely eradicate memory so destroying the brain
What is the acquisition and storage of memory in declarative memory?
Short-term memory storage - need the hippocampus to go from short to long term storage in declarative memory
Long term storage - cortical sites, Wernicke’s area, temporal cortex
What is the acquisition and storage of memory in non declarative or procedural memory?
short term memory storage - do not know
long term storage - cerebellum
What is involved in pair bonding for female prairie voles?
oxytocin
What is involved in pair bonding for male prairie voles?
vasopressin
Where is oxytocin produced and what is it released by into the bloodstream and when it it released?
Produced in hypothalamus
Released by posterior pituitary gland into th bloodstream
Released during breastfeeding or labor
What does the release of oxytocin cause?
letdown during breastfeeding and uterine contractions
What is oxytocin?
a 9 amino acid peptide hormone
Can oxytocin released into the blood cross the BBB?
no it cannot so effects on the brain are due to oxytocin neurons projecting directly to postsynaptic cells in the brain
What do oxytocin spikes at mating do in female prairie voles?
enhances bonding activity
What do oxytocin spikes at birth do in female prairie voles?
enhances maternal behaviors
What to oxytocin antagonists do?
block pair bonding
If you give oxytocin to a female prairie vole what happens?
it will bond to any male in its vicinity
What is arginine vasopressin do?
it is an ADH or antidiuretic hormone
What is vasopressin and what does it do?
peptide hormone controls the reabsorption of molecules in the tubules of the kidney aka concentrates urine
What is it released by into the bloodstream and into the brain?
released by the posterior pituitary gland into the bloodstream and can be directly synthesized and released into the brain
When is vasopressin released and what does it do in male prairie voles?
released during sexual activity and causes pair bonding in male prairie voles
Do meadow voles pair bond?
no
Where is the vasopressin receptor expressed more highly of socially monogamous prairie voles as compared with polygamous meadow voles?
in the ventral palladium or VP
What experiment was conducted ton convert polygamous meadow voles to monogamous?
injected the brain with a virus AAV containing the vasopressin receptor and expression of the V1 receptor was sufficient enough to make a vole monogamous
