Lecture 8 - Language Lateralization and Memorization

Question 1

How did Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke discover the speech areas of the brain?

Answer 1

examined the postmortem brain of patients who had aphasia and saw which sections of the brain were lesioned causing the aphasia

Question 1

What is Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 1

the patient knows what they want to say but they cannot get the words; lesion causes motor or expressive aphasia

Question 2

Where is the lesion for Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 2

frontal lobe of the left hemisphere

Question 3

What is wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 3

lesion causes sensory or receptive aphasia problem in language comprehension so the speech is meaningless

Question 4

Where is the lesion for wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 4

temporal lobe of the left hemisphere

Question 5

In Broca’s aphasia what happens to comprehension and speech?

Answer 5

Comprehension - intact
Speech - not intact

Question 6

In Wernicke’s aphasia what happens to comprehension and speech?

Answer 6

Comprehension - not intact
Speech - intact

Question 7

On what side of the brain are the major language areas?

Answer 7

left hemisphere

Question 8

Where is Broca’s area?

Answer 8

frontal lobe

Question 9

Where is Wernicke’s area?

Answer 9

temporal lobe

Question 10

What are the major language areas of the brain?

Answer 10

Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area
Primary auditory cortex
Primary visual cortex
Primary motor cortex
Primary somatic sensory cortex

Question 11

What proved that left hemisphere contains the speech center and in what other ways was this further confirmed by Sperry and Gazanniga?

Answer 11

-lesions or stroke shows that the left hemisphere contains the speech centers
-split brain studies of Sperry and Gazanniga

Question 12

What occurs in the split brain studies?

Answer 12

-the corpus callosum is cut as a treatment for intractable epilepsy
-patients seemed normal
-patients now had 2 functioning hemispheres disconnected from each other

Question 13

What occurred in the setup with split brain patients in which a screen blocks visual input?

Answer 13

a stimulus was presented to one hand without visual input and the subject was asked what was in their hand

-if presented to the right hand the subject answers correctly because (the right hand is connected to the left brain)
-if presented to the left hand the subject can’t answer because (the left hand is connected to the right brain)

Question 14

What occurred in the setup with split brain patients in which a subject fixes in the center of screen and a visual stimulus to one half of the visual field is presented?

Answer 14

-only if information is presented to the right visual field will the subject be able to answer correctly because the right visual field is connected to the left brain

Question 15

What occurred in the setup with split brain patients in which a subject is presented a visual stimulus to one half of the visual field and is then asked to locate with their hand on the same side as the visual stimuli what they saw?

Answer 15

if information is presented too the right or left visual field in both cases the individual will be able to retrieve the object that they saw with the hand on the same side of the visual field the object was presented on

-this means that right brain can process the information the issue just lies with speech which is left lateralized

Question 16

Can an object in the right visual field be expressed by a split brain patient verbally?

Answer 16

yes because it is processed by the left hemisphere where language is and can also reach for it or draw it since that is right hemisphere

Question 17

Can an object in the left visual field be expressed by a split brain patient verbally?

Answer 17

no because it is processed by the right hemisphere which does not have the speech center but can reach for it or draw it since that is right hemisphere

Question 18

What is an important function of the left hemisphere?

Answer 18

speech

Question 19

What is an important function of the right hemisphere?

Answer 19

spatial abilities
emotional color of language

Question 20

What happened in split brain patients in regards to the spatial abilities?

Answer 20

left hand works for motor tasks because that connect to the right hemisphere and the right hand does not work cause that is connected to the left hemisphere

Question 21

In split brain patients how does each Hemi brain operate?

Answer 21

independently

Question 22

Despite the fragmented system for processing information in split Brian patients why do they still have a sense of acting as a single person?

Answer 22

the left brain has the ability to rationalize

Question 23

How were the brain centers which process emotion identified?

Answer 23

animal experiments; and human subject with a bilateral lesion of the emotion area

Question 24

What brain centers control emotion and how did they find this?

Answer 24

lobbed out all parts of the Brian in cats and introduces a lesion halfway thorough the brain and found that cats were experiencing sham rage and the sham rage remained when they removed the cortex but it was attenuated when the hypothalamus was removed
-region - hypothalamus

Question 25

What part of the limbic system plays an important role in emotion?

Answer 25

amygdala

Question 26

What is the amygdala?

Answer 26

a bilaterally symmetric region of the brain and you have an amygdala on each side

Question 27

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome and what are the symptoms in monkeys?

Answer 27

removed the medial temporal lobes including the limbic lobe from monkeys and noticed that viscous monkeys became tame

symptoms: docility, deficient in recognition, hyperorality, hyper sexuality, alter diet, impaired memory

Question 28

How can Kluver-Bucy syndrome be recognized in humans and what are the symptoms?

Answer 28

temporal lobectomy in humans, herpes simplex encephalitis
symptoms - placidity, hyperorality, dietary changes

Question 29

Who is patient SM?

Answer 29

has a bilaterally lesion of the amygdala due to a genetic contain caused by a mutation in a gene that encodes an extracellular matrix protein; this leads to calcification or hardening of structures In the medial temporal lobe of the brain or the degeneration of the amygdala

Question 30

What was observed when SM was asked to recognize the facial expressions or emotions of people?

Answer 30

could not recognize facial expression of fear but could recognize other emotions compared to brain damage controls

Question 31

Does SM experience fear in response to situation which induce fear?

Answer 31

no; did not experience as much fear when shown scary things or scary movies

Question 32

What is the posterior association cortex?

Answer 32

-links information from several sensory modalities for perception and language; involved in attention and face recognition

Question 33

What part of the posterior association cortex is involved in attention and perception?

Answer 33

posterior parietal cortex

Question 34

What part of the posterior association cortex is involved in face recognition?

Answer 34

temporal lobe

Question 35

What did lesion in the posterior parietal cortex of patient from WWI and WWII show and what did it prove?

Answer 35

normal visual acuity but had difficulty in describing a visual scene or in reaching for an object of interest; proves the posterior parietal cortex is involved in perceptual awareness and attention

Question 36

What did WR Brain describe happened in 3 parents with unilateral parietal lobe lesions (lesion on the right side) and what syndrome did they express?

Answer 36

they would get lost, always turn right instead of left
-experience left neglect syndrome
-contralateral neglect syndrome

Question 37

What does damage in the right hemisphere cause in the posterior parietal lobes?

Answer 37

contralateral neglect syndrome of the left side of the world so no left visual field but cannot also use left hand

Question 38

What does damage in the left hemisphere cause in the posterior parietal lobes?

Answer 38

nothing there is not such thing as right neglect because the right side of the brain can compensate for damage to left hemisphere but the left cannot for the right

Question 39

What did a recording electrode in monkeys and humans proves in regards to face recognition?

Answer 39

the temporal lobe involved and only some cells respond to particular faces

Question 40

What is an example of only some cells in the temporal lobe respond to particular faces?

Answer 40

there is a cell that recognizes only Jennifer anniston in the temporal lobe