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semester 2 chemistry revisions > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an aliphatic alcohol?

A

OH group is attached to a CHAIN.

OH group NOT attached to a carbon with a double bond (sp3 hybridized carbon).

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2
Q

What is an enol?

A

OH group is attached to a carbon which is attached to a DOUBLE BOND.

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3
Q

Describe the bonding in oxygen.

A

4sp3 hybrid orbitals.
TWO of the sp3 orbitals form SIGMA bonds to carbon and hydrogen atoms.
•The remaining two sp3 hybrid orbitals each contain an UNSHARED pair of electrons.

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4
Q

In oxygen the remaining two sp3 hybrid orbitals each contain an UNSHARED pair of electrons, what does this influence?

A

Domain geometry about the hydroxyl oxygen atom which is approximately 109o.

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5
Q

Common Names: Propan-1-ol

A

1- propanol

propyl alcohol

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6
Q

Common Names: Propan-2-ol

A

2- propanol

isopropyl alcohol

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7
Q

Common Names: Butan-1-ol

A

n- butanol

butyl alcohol

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8
Q

Common Names: Butan-2-ol

A

sec- butanol

sec- butyl alcohol

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9
Q

Common Names: 2-methyl-propan-1-ol

A

isobutyl alcohol

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10
Q

Common Names: 2 Methyl- propane-2-ol

A

tert- butanol

tert- butyl alcohol

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11
Q

Common Names: Ethane-1,2- diol

A

1,2- ethanediol

ethylene glycol

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12
Q

Common Names: Propane- 1,2, diol

A

1,2 propanediol

propylene glycol

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13
Q

Common Names: 1,2,3- propanetriol

A

propane-1,2,3 triol

glycerol/ glycerine

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14
Q

Alcohol are polar compounds how does this effect their boiling points in comparison with hydrocarbons?

A

Higher boiling points because of hydrogen bonding.

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15
Q

What other characteristics does hydrogen bonding give alcohols?

A

Lower alcohols- Water soluble.
Good solvents for a wide range of organic molecules.
Boiling point increases with the number of carbon atoms.

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16
Q

Describe the properties of the Electron rich O in an alcohol.

A

Basic- Lone pair donors (Lewis bases) & proton acceptors (Bronsted- Lowry Bases)
Nucleophilic- Lone pair attacks electron deficient centres.

17
Q

In the hydration of alkenes to form an alcohol, what is the reagent and conditions for the reaction?

A

Strong acid catalyst

Heat

18
Q

How is anti- markovnikov product formed by hydration of an alkene?

A

BH3 is used because BORON is the most ELECTROPOSITIVE which is added to the molecule instead of Hydrogen. Hydrogen act as a H-. The OH group is added as the B is oxidised by the H2O2.

19
Q

What is the anti- markovnikov product?

A

The MINOR product is now the major product which is the OPPOSITE the what Markovnikov predicted.

20
Q

What is the reagent and reaction conditions for the substitution of an alkyl halide?

A

NaOH reacts with the alkene

Heat and H2O

21
Q

To create a SIMPLE alcohol from the substitution of an alkyl halide, what does there need to be?

A

Nucleophilic source of oxygen, eg. NaOH.

22
Q

What is a Grignard reagent?

A

R-+MgX (X= Br/ Cl)

23
Q

What is an orgnolithium?

A

R-+Li

24
Q

What is an organometal?

A

Negative Carbon + Positive Metal Ion

Carbon Is nucleophilic.

25
Q

What happens in the reaction of the addition of an organometallic to aldehyde/ ketone.

A

When the aldehyde/ ketone reacts with the organometallic reagent it forms an unstable METAL SALT of the alcohol. Then H+/H2O is used to wash out the reagent to leave the alcohol.

26
Q

What does NaBH4 reduce?

A

Aldehydes

Ketones

27
Q

What does LiAlH4 reduce?

A

Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Aldehydes
Ketones

28
Q

What enzyme will turn alcohols into biological molecules? How?

A

CYP450

Oxygen is taken in from the atmosphere and is turned in OH via radical reaction.

29
Q

Alcohols can react via substitution reactions to form alkyl halides. What do they react with?

A
  1. Thionyl Chloride
  2. HX (Acids)
  3. Phosphorus Halides
30
Q

In the dehydration reaction- alkene is formed. What is the reaction conditions and reagent?

A

H2SO4

180oC

31
Q

What is the enzyme (2) used in biological dehydration reactions to form an alkene?

A

Dehydroquinate

Dehydratase

32
Q

What is needed for esterification?

A

Acid Catalyst

33
Q

In biological esterification what enzyme is need?

A

Acyltransferases/ Esterases

34
Q

Oxidation of Alcohols- What is a primary alcohol oxidised to? Reagents.

A

Primary Alcohol- (Na2Cr2O7/ H+) Aldehyde- (Na2Cr2O7/ H+)- Carboxylic Acid

35
Q

Oxidation of Alcohols- What is a secondary alcohol oxidised to? Reagents.

A

Secondary Alcohol (Na2Cr2O7/ H+)- Ketone

36
Q

Oxidation of Alcohols- What is a tertiary alcohol oxidised to? Reagents.

A

No Reaction

37
Q

Describe practical details for the a primary alcohol being oxidised to aldehydes.

A

Alcohol dripped into warm solution- acidified Kr2Cr2O7.
Aldehydes- low boiling points = no hydrogen bonding so distil off immediately.
Not distilled off oxidise to a Carboxylic Acid
Oxidise alcohol straight to acid- Reflux

38
Q

In biological oxidation of alcohols what is the reagent used?

A

NAD+

semester 2 chemistry revisions (12 decks)

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