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semester 2 chemistry revisions > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an Amine?

A

When 1 or more HYDROGENS atoms on AMMONIA are replaced with R group.

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2
Q

What is Amide?

A

Derivatives of CARBOXYLIC ACIDS.

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3
Q

In an amine, the nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electrons which makes amines what?

A
  1. Nucleophilic

2. Basic

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4
Q

In an aliphatic amine what bonding is shown in the nitrogen? What does this mean?

A

sp3 hybridized so no DOUBLE BONDS.

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5
Q

C-N-C bond angel?

A

107o.

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6
Q

In an aromatic amine what bonding is shown in the nitrogen? Where is the lone pair?

A

Nitrogen is sp2 hybridized. Lone pair which occupies the p- orbital is DELOCALISED.

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7
Q

Why is the reactivity between aromatic and aliphatic amines different?

A

Lone pair undergoes SUBSTIUTION with the pie system (Aromatic Amine)

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8
Q

What are the classifications of amines?

A

PRIMARY AMINE- ONE alkyl/ aryl group.
SECONDARY AMINE- TWO alkyl/ aryl groups.
TERTIARY AMINE- THREE alkyl/ aryl groups.

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9
Q

Naming Amines- IUPAC 1

A

P: Remove the ‘e; from alkane name and add ‘amine’.
Eg: Propan-1-amine.
S/T: Name longest chain + shorter chains are named n- alkyl.
Eg: N- ethyl- N- methyl- propylamine.

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10
Q

Naming Amines- IUPAC 2

A

P: Amino group is a substitute on longest carbon chain.
Eg: 1- aminopropane.
S/T: Shorter substitutes go in front of ‘amino’.
Eg: N-ethyl-N-methyl- aminopropoane.

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11
Q

Naming Amines- Common Naming.

A 
P: Names as alkylamines. 
Eg: n- propylamine 
(n- unbranched).
S/T: N alkyl groups or simple listed. 
Eg: N-ethly-N-methyl- propylamine.
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12
Q

Describe the solubility of low molecular weight amines.

A

Soluble in water.

Soluble in Organic Solvents.

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13
Q

Describe the boiling point of amines.

A

High boiling points compared to alkanes.

P and S amines have lower boiling points in comparison with alcohols.

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14
Q

Why have alcohols got higher boiling points than amines?

A

NITROGEN is LESS ELECTRONEGATIVE than OXYGEN.

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15
Q

How many hydrogen bonds can primary, secondary and tertiary amines form?

A

P- 3
S-2
T- 0

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16
Q

Tertiary amines usually make 0 hydrogen bonds what is the exception, why?

A

When a bond formed with WATER as it has a SMALL steric hinderance.

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17
Q

When amines react with acids or water what is produced?

A

Alkylammonium Salt

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18
Q

How are Alkylammonium Salts named?

A

CHANGING “AMINE” to “AMMONIA

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19
Q

What type of reaction occurs during the reduction of nitro compounds?

A

Electrophilic Substitution

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20
Q

What classification of amine is the product of the reduction of nitro compounds?

A

Primary Amine

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21
Q

What reagents and conditions are needed for the reduction of nitro compounds?

A

Hydrogen and TM Catalyst

22
Q

In the reduction of nitro compounds what is the NO2 group bonded to?

A

Aromatic Group.

23
Q

What classification of amine is the product of the reduction of nitriles?

A

Primary

24
Q

What reagents and conditions are needed for the reduction of nitriles?

A

Hydrogen and Ni Catalyst

25
Q

What classification of amine is the product of the reduction of amides?

A

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary.

26
Q

What reagent is needed for the reduction of amides?

A

LiAlH4

27
Q

What are the products from the Hofmann Degradation of Amines?

A

Primary Amines

28
Q

What reagent is used for Hofmann Degradation of amines?

A

KOBr

29
Q

What is the reactant needed to be transferred with KOBr to form an amine?

A

Amides deprived from AMMONIA not from nitrogen atoms bonded to CARBON

30
Q

In industry what what is the reactant which produces an alkylamines? Via what reaction?

A

Alcohols

Nucleophilic Substitution

31
Q

What classification of amine is produced from an alcohol?

A

Primary Amine

32
Q

To produce an amine, what is the additional reactant needed with an alcohol? What are the conditions for this reaction?

A

Ammonia

High temperature and pressure.

33
Q

In the lab, amines can be produced from alkyl halides, what classification of amines is produced?

A

PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM IONS.

34
Q

What does reaction of amines depend on?

A
  1. Lone Pair to act as a base.

2. Nitrogen to act as a nucleophile.

35
Q

What classification of amines can be produced from carbonyls?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

36
Q

Reagent in the reaction which changes a carbonyl to an imine?

A

Ammonia

37
Q

How is a carbonyl changed to an amine?

A
  1. Carbonyl to an Imine (NH3)

2. Add H2 & TM Catalyst, NaBH3CN or NaBH(OAc)3 in acidic conditions to reduce the imine to amine.

38
Q

What is an imine? What is an imine termed in biology?

A

Functional group is a DOUBLE BOND between a Carbon and Nitrogen atoms. SCHIFF BASE.

39
Q

In the body how is ammonia used to synthesise amino acids?

A
  1. NH4+ to Imine which is REDUCED via the biological reducing agent NADPH to glutamate.
  2. Glutamate can be then converted into another amino acid via a condensation reaction using TRANSFERASE enzyme, glutamine synthase.
40
Q

What does PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE do?

A

Transfer N groups with an aldehyde.

41
Q

What is Alkylation?

A

Transfer of alkyl group from one molecule to another.

42
Q

What type of reaction is alkylation?

A

Nucleophilic Substitution

43
Q

In acylation what is a reactant is this reaction?

A

Carboxylic Derivatives.

44
Q

What are the reagents (biological and lab) found in acylation reactions?

A

Lab: Acid Chlorine
Bio: Cofactor CoA.

45
Q

What is reacted with R-Ammonia to form N2-R?

A

NaNO2 +2HX forms HONO (Nitrous Acid)

46
Q

What is the Diazonium salt formation?

A

AMINE functional group is turned into ANOTHER functional group.

47
Q

In the diazonium salt formation what is formed when R+ reacts with:
X- (Main nucleophile from the acid.
Water
Aliphatic Amine

A

Alkyl Halide
Alcohol (N2 is replaced with OH- Phenol).
Alkene

48
Q

Which diazonium salts (Aliphatic/ Aromatic) is more useful in creating a diazonium salt? Why?

A

Aromatic because alkyl diazonium salt is too reactive.

49
Q

What does Hofmann Elimination produce?

A

Tertiary Amine

50
Q

Hofmann Elimination- What are the requirements for a quaternary ammonium salt to be converted into an alkene and tertiary amine?

A

Base and Heat.

semester 2 chemistry revisions (12 decks)

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