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Vertebrates > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biggest difference between like in water and life on land?

A

The effect of gravity on support and locomotion

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2
Q

What must land animals have in terms of support?

A

They must have a bony skeleton capable of transmitting backwards force to substrate and resisting forces

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3
Q

Describe the structure of land animal bone

A

Not uniform, dense on the outside, soft & spongey in the middle

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4
Q

What are joints covered in and what is it for?

A

Small layer of articular cartilage to reduce friction

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5
Q

Where does bone length growth occur?

A

At the epiphyses

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6
Q

What is the zygapophyses and what does it do?

A

They’re processes on the vertebrae & interlock to prevent twisting and bending

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7
Q

What’s changed in the axial muscles from sea to tetrapods?

A

Were used for locomotion in fishes & assumed 2 new roles in tetrapods. Postural support of body & ventilation for lungs

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8
Q

Name the two axial muscles in tetrapods

A

Nuchal ligament & Rectus abdominus muscle

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9
Q

Explain the path of evolution of axial muscles

A

Differentiation of epaxial then hypaxial muscles followed by development of transverse abdominus

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10
Q

What does the transverse dominus do?

A

Forces air out, amphibians still have this

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11
Q

Summarise the evolution of the appendicular skeleton

A

Limbs and limb girdles evolved, tetrapod limbs were derived from the fin of fishes

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12
Q

What girdle works well in water but not on land and why?

A

The pelvic girdle because it wasn’t attached to the skeleton

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13
Q

What did jointed limbs form for tetrapods?

A

Form holdfasts

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14
Q

What parts of the body was locomotion supported by?

A

In primitive tetrapods, locomotion via axial musculature

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15
Q

What happened to the pelvic girdle when changing for life on land?

A

It fused with modified sacral vertebrae

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16
Q

What connected the three paired bones on each side of early tetrapod to the vertebrae?

A

Ilia

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17
Q

What was no longer used to support the head and jaw muscles like in fishes?

A

The pectoral girdle

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18
Q

Name the two types of bones lost in tetrapods that fish have

A

Opercular & gular bones

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19
Q

What do tetrapods have instead of the opercular and gular bones?

A

A flexible neck

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20
Q

What holds the girdle to the sternum and the ribs?

A

Muscles & connective tissue

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21
Q

What does not articulate directly with the vertebral column?

A

The pectoral girdle

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22
Q

Name the function that the appendicular muscles had in fishes?

A

Hydrodynamic lift, steering and breaking

23
Q

What occurred in regards to musculature between life in sea and life on land and what was still present?

A

More complex musculature began to appear as limbs took on new roles but ancestral pattern was still present

24
Q

In regards to locomotion, which one is more expensive to move on/in?

A

Land

25
Q

Describe something that happens in regards to skeletal structure when the size of an animal increases

A

Volume changes affect structural forces. Larger animals (elephants) their skeleton is proportionately thicker than a smaller tetrapod

26
Q

What also differs between small and large tetrapods?

A

Stances differ, straight vs bent legs

27
Q

What does a difference in locomotory styles minimise?

A

Shearing stresses on legs

28
Q

Describe the structure of early tetrapods

A

Wide, flat, lengthened snout, teeth infront of eyes & combined feeding & breathing functions

29
Q

What happened to the chondrocranium area during transition to land?

A

Oral cavity expanded, sucking air into mouth, floor of

mouth raised, air squeezed into lungs

30
Q

The floor of the mouth was raised via what?

A

The hyoid apparatus

31
Q

What expansion remained the same?

A

Same buccal expansion used for suction feeding in water

32
Q

Why were tetrapods consequently lengthened?

A

Needed to place head over their prey & suction feeding can’t work in air

33
Q

What is a key innovation for feeding on land?

A

A large and muscular tongue that works in concert with the hyoid apparatus

34
Q

What is only found in terrestrial vertebrates?

A

Salivary glands

35
Q

What did loss of gills also result in the loss of?

A

Branchiometric musculature, except gill levators

36
Q

What did the cucullaris become in tetrapods?

A

Trapezius

37
Q

What did the low density and viscosity of air enable?

A

Tidal ventilation

38
Q

Describe the ventilation of amniotes

A

They have extraembryonic membranes & use a negative-pressure aspiration pump (opposed to positive-pressure buccal pump

39
Q

Describe the negative -pressure aspiration pump

A

Expansion of the rib cage creates negative pressure that then sucks air into the lungs

40
Q

What expands the rib cage to breathe?

A

Intercostal hypaxial muscles

41
Q

What allows the development of a longer neck in amniotes?

A

Long, strengthened trachea with negative-pressure system

42
Q

What has to be there for the prevention of blood pooling and to overcome gravity?

A

High blood pressures

43
Q

How is blood plasma recovered and returned to the circulatory system?

A

If it leaks out the blood vessel walls, its recovered by the lymphatic system

44
Q

What allows fluid in tissues to drain into venous system?

A

One-way system of blind-ended vein-like vessels that parallel veins

45
Q

What was moved posteriorly as gills were lost and the neck evolved

A

The heart

46
Q

What elements of the heart were reduced or absent in tetrapods?

A

Sinus venosus and conus arteriosus

47
Q

What supplies lungs with deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary circuit

48
Q

What supplies lungs with oxygenated blood?

A

Systemic circuit

49
Q

What accompanied the development of lungs?

A

Double circulation

50
Q

Describe the change in aortic arches in tetrapods

A

2&5 were lost, three arches were retained: 3rd 4th & 5th

51
Q

Where do the carotid, systemic & pulmonary arches go to?

A

Head, body & lungs

52
Q

What happened in teleosts and derived ray-finned fish?

A

Lungs converted to swimbladder; pulmonary system lost. Aortic arch 2 and spiracle lost.

53
Q

What was obtained in the modern amphibian?

A

Cutaneous arch to skin

Vertebrates (11 decks)

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