Lecture #9 Flashcards
Penetration of heat wavelength?
1-2mm
Penetration of cold wavelength?
1cm
Infrared agents are effective in?
Controlling swelling by decreasing the amount of secondary hypoxic injury
Use of cold Tx for therapeutic purposes examples?
Ice packs after an acute injury, slush bucket before exercising, ice massage before running to reduce spasm, polar care unit on post surgical knee, running cold water on a burn, CO2 gas to freeze off a wart and cold solution used during spinal cord injury.
Types of cold Tx?
Ice massage, cold packs, cold whirlpool, cold sprays, cryo-cuff, polar care/Ice man unites, game ready units and ice immersion.
What is Conduction? Convection? Radiation? Evaporation?
Conduction = direct contact Convection = heat transfer via circulation of a medium around the object Radiation = heat transfer from a warmer source to a colder source through a conducting medium such as air Evaporation = absorption of energy as a result of conversion of a substance from liquid to gas
Infrared agents that use conduction?
Ice massage, cold packs, hydrocollator packs, cold sprays (evap. mostly), ice immersion, contrast baths, paraffin bath, cryo-cuff and game-ready.
Infrared agents that use convection?
Hot/warm and cold whirlpool and fluidotherapy
How deep can cooling get in the body?
3cm
Surface cooling is between?
1-10 degree C. AKA 33-50 degrees F.
Cold considerations? (what does it cause the body to do)?
decreased tissue temperature, decreased metabolism, decreased pain and muscle spasm and increased tissue stiffness (+some circulatory and inflammatory effects)
Explain the temperature gradient?
Epidermis decreases in tempp. due to heat lost to the agent.
Dermis loses heat to the epidermis.
The third structure (bone, fat, muscle, ligament and tendon) will lose heat to the dermis.
T/F Fat is a good insulator and will affect depth.
True
T/F The warmer the tissue the greater the heat transfer to a cold agent.
True
FYI: The colder the agent the greater the conduction of body heat.
Yep, yep! :)
What is latent heat of fusion?
amount of energy needed to convert a solid to a liquid w/o changing temp.
What conversion has the greatest specific heat?
Ice to water
Tx times for cold:
Small/superficial = 10-15 mins.
Small jts & muscles = 15-20 mins.
Large jts. & muscles = 20-30 mins.
Immediate care 20 mins. cold w/ compression & elevation followed by 20-40 mins compression & elevation.
Re-warming times for fingers? Ankles?
Fingers = 10-15 mins. Ankles = 60-90 mins
When compression is applied along with cold application the temp. decrease will be greater due to:
decreased circulation, increased interface and causes agent to last longer due to insulating it from the environment.
T/F. Elevation causes further decreases of blood flow and greater cooling as well.
True
Effects of cold applications?
3-4 stage sensation response Depth of penetration > heat Erythema- redness Increase heart rate and blood pressure Vasoconstriction Cold receptors discharge Control edema Shivering Decreases local neural activity (velocity) Raises threshold of muscle spindle Reduce spasticity Reduce spasm Reduce metabolism Increase pain threshold Decrease elasticity
Sensations felt during cold?
- cold
- deep, aching pain
3.pain plateaus - Pins and needles
5.Numbess - Bouts of pain at intervals of 3-10 minutes
FYI: colder agents = higher pain
Cold increases the viscosity of blood making it flow slower through the vessels by?
Compression and elevation by helping decrease blood flow and blood pressure.
Occurs w/n 5 mins.
How does cold decrease edema?
causes decreased vessel wall permeability (histmine, seratonin and kinins)
Must use immediately or no results in removal
Secondary hypoxic injury:
Cold = decreased metabolism = less need for O2 = less hypoxic injury.
aka. a 10 deg. decrease in temp will lower O2 need by 50%. so 1 deg. F = 5 %
Cold effects on muscle spindle and GTO’s
- slows transmission velocities
- decreases sensitivity of both organs
- deep nerves unable to be cooled w/not be affected
- do the same to motor nerves and can drease/delay twitch response
In a cold whirlpool how far to stay away from turbine?
12-18 inches
Tx for cold whirlpool?
Extremity: 15-20 mins at 45-60 degrees
Full Body: 15-20 mins a4 65-80 Degrees
Tx for frostbite?
immerse body part in water 100-104 degrees and refer to physician.
Cold contraindications:
Impaired circulation PVD Hypersensitivity to cold Skin anesthesia Open Wounds Vasospastic disorders (Raynaud’s) CAD Hypertension Cold allergy Over a regenerating peripheral nerve Monitor superficial nerves for impairment Cryoglobulinemia
