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HLTH 230 Final > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what is alcohol?

A

a class of organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups

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2
Q

what is ethanol?

A

-the type of alcohol found in beer, wine and distilled liquor
-one of the most widely used and abused drugs in society
-a legal non-prescription drug that can produce euphoria
-less toxic than other alcohols

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3
Q

alcohol

A

-can rapidly enter cells and destroy cell structure leading to cell death
-toxic in realtively small amounts
-toxicity is beneficial to kill microbial cells

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4
Q

process of alcohol:

A
  1. Fermentation
    2.Distillation
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5
Q

Fermentation of alcohol

A

fruits, vegetables, or grains are combined with yeast or other microorganisms. This process converts the sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide

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6
Q

Distillation

A

heating liquid to separate alcohol from other components, as alcohol vaporizes at a lower temperature than water, allowing for higher concentrations

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7
Q

types of alcohol and what they are made from

A

beer - barley & grains
wine - grapes/other fruit
Gin - grains/ juniper berries
Vodka - potato/corn/grain
Rum - sugarcane
Whiskey - grains

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8
Q

what percent of canadians over 15 years old report they consumed alcohol?

A

80%

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9
Q

what gender consumes more alcohol?

A

males

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10
Q

what alcohol is consumed the most

A

beer (just over 50%)

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11
Q

alcohol marketing

A

-influences drinking norms

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12
Q

passage of alcohol following absorption

A

-requires no digestion and can diffuse through the stomach wall to reach brain within a minute

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13
Q

high doses of alcohol triggers

A

vomiting for protection

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14
Q

alcohol on a full stomach

A

-limits absorption
-delays gastric emptying & transit to intestine

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15
Q

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

A

-made by the stomach
-females generally have less (therefore absorb more)
-fasting promotes ADH berakdown
-it is a protein

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16
Q

where is most alcohol absorbed

A

small intestine
-once alcohol reaches small intestine, food intake irrelevant

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17
Q

where is a major site of alcohol metabolism

A

-liver

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18
Q

what % of alcohol is excreted in breath and urine

A

10%

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19
Q

alcohol and urine output

A

alcohol increases urine output by decreasing production of antidiruetic hormone

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20
Q

what happens if alcohol intake exceeds what the liver can handle

A

the alcohol circulates through the body and affects body and brain

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21
Q

MEOS

A

-system in the liver which metabolizes alcohol and drugs
-handles 10% consumed
-handles more in high concentrations or repeated exposure
-results in better tolerance
-heavy drinkers have more MEOS

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22
Q

challenges with drug metabolism

A

-some drugs metabolized by MEOS
-MEOS deals with alcohol first if alcohol and drug taken at same time

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23
Q

ways alcohol exists the body

A

-amounts in breath in urine are proportional to the amount still in the blood stream and brain
-10% of alcohol will leave the body via breath and in the urine

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24
Q

is alcohol a stimulant

A

NO - even though it can relieve inhibitions by sedating inhibitory nerves

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25
what order do brain centers respond to alcohol?
1. Frontal lobe 2. Speech and vision centre 3. Large muscle control 4. Conscious brain is subdued so person passes out 5. Deepest brain - respiration and heart rate
26
the more alcohol consumed.....
the longer alcohol circulates in the body, the longer it takes before alcohol dehydrogenase can break it down
27
letal dose of alcohol
blood alcohol concentration of 0.4
28
what organs do alcohol effect
all of them - most evident in the liver
29
what happens in the liver normally
-liver cells normally use fatty acids as fuel -liver packages excess fatty acids into triglycerides and ship them to other tissues
30
what happens in the liver with alcohol
-fatty acids accumulate while the liver is busy breaking down the alcohol -increased fat synthesis by liver (TCA cycle slows, acetyl CoA builds up)
31
stages of liver deterioration seen in heavy drinkers
-fatty liver -fibrosis -cirrhosis
32
how exactly does alcohol disrupt the liver fuction?
the liver accumulates fat > liver cells become less efficent at performing regular tasks such as: - activating vitamin D -producing and releasing bile -making glucose from protein
33
synthesis of fatty acids increases with
exposure to alcohol
34
how quick can the accumulation of fat be
seen after 1 bought of heavy drinking
35
fatty liver
-first stage of liver deterioration -disrupts distribution of nutrients and oxygen to cells in the liver -reversible with abstinence from alcohol -if lasts, liver cells die and scar tissue is formed
36
fibrosis
second stage of liver deterioration -good nutrition and abstinence from alcohol can help some liver cells regenerate
37
Cirrhosis
the most advanced stage liver disease -cells harden and permanently lose function -least reversible
38
fatty liver and liver disease
-gluconeogenesis decreases -low blood glucose can occur
39
gout and alcohol
-worsens gout symptoms due to uric acid metabolism -speeds up synthesis of blood lipids (increasing triglyceride and HDL concentrations)
40
alcohol affects even with adequate protein intake
-alters amino acid and protein metabolism -depressed production of immune system proteins
41
alcohol affects on the reproductive system
women: infertility & spontaneous absorption men: suppression of testosterone secretion -decreased muscle and bone tissue -abnormal prostste -decreased reproductive ability
42
causes of hangover
1. Dehydration -reduced water content of brain cells & pain with rehydration 2. Formaldehyde accumulates
43
moderate drinkers
-alcohol adds extra calories &stimulates appetite -alcohol efficently metabolized in moderate doses (contribute to fat & weight gain) -body preferentially stores fat & uses alcohol for energy -central obesity
44
heavy drinkers
-more alcohol >less food consumed > less likely to consume adequate nutrients -consumed as food substitute -alcohol is type of empty calories
45
acute risks of alcohol
-impulsive behaviour -impaired attention, concentration & judgement -drowsiness -aggressiveness -slowed reaction time -slurred speech -double or blurred vision -flushed skin -nausea and vomitting -frequent urination -impaired memory
46
alcohol poisoning can result in:
stupor, coma, respiratory arrest, death
47
potential long term effects of alcohol on a fetus
-every drink is delivered to fetus in minutes -a dose of alcohol can temporarily stop oxygen to fetus via umbilical cord -slows cell division causing abnormalities -reduce brain cells -affects mothers nutrient supply and deliver to fetus -egg and sperm can be damaged by alcohol -low birthweight of baby
48
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
-impact on the brain and body of someone exposed to alcohol in the womb -prevented by abstaining from alcohol -irreversible -not genetic -present in 1-5% of canadians
49
people with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder may need support with
-learning -memory -attention -social skills -motor skills -physical health -communication -emotional regulation
50
the impact of alcohol on a developing fetus depends on:
-how often alcohol was consumed -how much alcohol was consumed -when during the pregnancy the alcohol was consumed
51
other factors affecting fetus development:
-stress -age during pregnancy -smoking or other drug use -nutrition status prior to and during pregnancy
52
alcohols potential long-term effects
-alcohol is toxic to cardiac & skeletal muscle -brain cell destruction -cirrhosis -cancer: mouth, throat, esophagus, breast, stomach, pancreas, liver & colorectal -bladder, kidney & prosatate damage -T2D -CNS damage -ulcers & rashes -impaired immunity
53
how does alcohol disrupt metabolism
-stomach cells secrete acid & histamine producing inflammation -decrease absorption of thiamin, folate and B6 -less efficent activation of vitamin D -altered secretion of bile -reduce capacity to process & use vitamin A -liver cells loose efficency at converting vitamin A -kidney excretion increases (magnesium, calcium, potassium, zinc)
54
folate deficiency
-liver loose ability to retain folate -folate excretion via urine increases -decreased folate absorption -alcohol raises homocysteine levels
55
thiamin deficiency
-inadequate intake and impaired absorption -wernickle-korsakoff synrome
56
B6 deficiency
acetylaldehyde dislodges B6 from its binding protein causing deficiency and lowered production of RBC
57
what does alcohol in the stomach cause
-increase acid production by stomach cells -possible ulcer formation or irritating GERD
58
Wernickle-Korsakoff Syndrome
thiamin deficiency with chronic alcoholism -paraylysis of eye muscles, poor muscle coordination -impaired memory -damaged nerves may respond to treatment with thiamin supplements
59
people treated for alcohol addiction also often need nutrition therapy to reverse what deficiencies:
night blindness, beriberi, pellagra, scurvy, protein-energy malnutrition
60
canadas low risk alcohol drinking guidelines: guideline 1
-reduce long term health risks by drinking no more than: -10 drinks a week for women with no more than 2 drinks/day most days -15 drinks a week for men with no more than 3 drinks per day most days -plan for non drinking days every week to avoid developing a habit
61
canadas low risk alcohol drinking guidelines: guideline 2
-reduce risk of injury and harm by drinking no more than 3 drinks (women) and 4 drinks (men) on any single occassion
62
canadas low risk alcohol drinking guidelines: guideline 3
do not drink when you are: -driving -taking medicine -living with mental or physical health issues
63
canadas low risk alcohol drinking guidelines: guideline 4
if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or about to breastfeed, the safest choice is to not drink at all
64
risk of harm for 2 standard drinks or less per week
likely to avoid alcohol related consequences
65
risk of harm for 3-6 standard drinks or less per week
risk developing several types of cancer increases
66
risk of harm for 7 standard drinks or less per week
risk for heart disease or stroke increases significantly
67
alcohol causes how many canes of cancer each year
7000
68
reccomendations for alcohol to reduce hypertension
abstain or decrease to 2 standard drinks per day
69
10 ways to limit alcohol as per canadian cancer society
1. hydrate with water 2. Serve mocktails 3. Measure drinks 4. Wind down without alcohol 5. Chose low salt snacks 6. pace yourself 7. Set reasonable goals 8. Dont pre drik 9. Cut down alcohol content 10. take focus off drinking
70
alcohol & heart disease
-1-2 drinks per day reduces risk on those over 60 who have an increased risk of heart disease -more than this increases risk -both wine & beer reduce heart attacks in some populations
71
potential decrease in CVD with alochol due to
-improved lipid profile -decreased coagulation -increased insulin sensitivity
72
compounds in red wine
-Flavonoids:plant-baed antioxidants -non-flavanoids: resveratrol
73
some health effects of wine
-antioxidant properties -high potassium in wine may lower HBP -flavanoids & antioxidants may protect against heart disease -increased oxidation in body
74
alcohol and appetite
-makes people unaware of hunger -small dose of wine may be beneficial in promoting appetite in elderly

HLTH 230 Final (3 decks)

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