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BSC Zoology - Physiology > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are heart valves for?

A

-to ensure unidirectional flow of blood, open and close passively because of pressure differences

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2
Q

What are the three layers in the heart?

A
  • myocardium (mainly that= muscle)
  • endocardium(middle layer of cardiac muscle between an endothelial layer and the-
  • epicardium (thin outer sheath)
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3
Q

What does the myocardium consist of?

A
  • interlacing bundles of cardiac muscle fibres arranged spirally around the heart circumference
  • when ventricular muscle contracts= chamber reduces in size
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4
Q

What’s an intercalated disk?

A

-specialised cells joining adjacent muscle cells end to end

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5
Q

What are the two types of membrane junctions within an intercalated disk?

A
  • desmosomes=type of adhering junction that mechanically holds cells together under high mechanical stress
  • gap junctions=channels allowing AP to spread from one cardiac cell to the next
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6
Q

What initiates heart contraction?

A
  • pacemaker activity
  • group of cells that can self excite
  • myogenic= self excitable
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7
Q

Do pacemaker cells have a constant resting potential?

A
  • no

- the membrane potential slowly depolarises or drifts between APs until threshold is reached= AP

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8
Q

What are the three important changes in ion movement in terms of pacemaker potential?

A
  1. an increased inwards Na+ leakage
  2. decreased outwards K+ leakage
  3. an increased inwards Ca2+ leakage
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9
Q

What is the pacemaker? Where is it?

A 
sinoatrial node (SA) -the normal
atriventricular node (AV) - base of the right atrium just above the junction of the atria and ventricles
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10
Q

How is AP generated in the heart?

A

-pacemaker
-open Na+
-close Na+/open Ca2+
-close Ca2+/open K+
Ca2+ from ECF and ICF

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11
Q

How does AP spread in the heart?

A

SAN- atria- AV=stops it for 0.1s to allow for the atria to be depolarised-ventricles (travels theer along Purkinje fibres)

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12
Q

Describe the action potential of cardiac muscle cells?

A
  • open Na+
  • close Na+/open Ca2+
  • close Ca2+/open K+
  • Ca2+ from ECF and INF
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13
Q

What is EEG?

-electrocardiogram

A
  • electrical currents generated by the cardiac muscle spread into surrounding tissue where it can be detected
  • it therefore records only a portion of the electrical activity, just what gets to skin
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14
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

-atrial depolarisation

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15
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

-ventricular depolarisation

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16
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

-ventricular repolarisation

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17
Q

What is the PR segment?

A

AV node delay

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18
Q

Why is there no wave for the SA node firing?

A

-not strong enough

19
Q

Why is there no noticable wave for the atrial repolarisation?

A

-occurs simultaneously with the ventricular depolarisation and is masked by the QRS complex

20
Q

Why is the P wave smaller than the QRS complex?

A

-because the atria have much smaller muscle mass than the ventricles and thus generate less electrical activity

21
Q

What is systole?

A

AV valve closed- contraction of atria and ventricles-pulmonary and aortic valves open

22
Q

What is diastole?

A

pulmonary aortic valve closed-ventricular filling

23
Q

How to calculate stroke volume?

A

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

24
Q

What are the two heart sounds?

A
  1. lub

2. dup

25
Q

What happens in early ventricular diastole?

A
  • atrium also in diastole
  • TP interval
  • the resting stage
  • the atrial pressure is higher than ventricular (as there is inflow of blood to the atrium) so the AV valve is open and blood flows into the ventricle even before the atrial contraction
26
Q

What happens in late ventricular diastole?

A
  • the SA node reaches threshold and fires
  • the depolarisation spreads through the atria (P wave) triggering atrial contraction
  • contraction causes rise in atrial pressure
  • blood coming into ventricle which also increases ventricular pressure
  • atrial pressure still slightly higher so AV valve open during the contraction
27
Q

What happens at the end of ventricular diastole?

A
  • ends at the onset of ventricular contraction
  • by this time, atrial contraction and ventricular filling are completed
  • the volume of blood is known as = end diastolic volume
28
Q

What happens during ventricular excitation and onset of ventricular systole?

A
  • impulse passes through the AV node and Purkinje fibres to excite the ventricle (QRS complex)
  • ventricular pressure increases shortly after QRS signaling the onset of ventricular systole
  • as ventricular contraction begins= ventricular pressure exceeds the atrial and AV valve closes
29
Q

What happens during isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

A
  • volume in ventricle must increase till the before it can open the aortic valve so for a while the ventricle is a closed chamber with no blood entering and no blood leaving
  • ventricular pressure increases
  • volume remains constant
30
Q

What happens during ventricular ejection?

A

-when ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure the aortic valve opens and ejection of blood begins
-aortic pressure rises as blood is forced into the aorta(faster than the blood draining into the smaller vessels at the end of it)
-ventricular volume decreases
ventricular systole is this and the isovolumetric ventriclar contraction

31
Q

What happens at the end of ventricular systole?

A

-ventricle doesn’t empty completely, about half of blood isn’t pumped out till the next systole.
=end-systolic volume
-stroke volume is what is pumped out of the ventricle

32
Q

What happens at ventricular repolarisation and onset of ventricular diastole?

A
  • T wave signifies ventricular repolarisation
  • as the ventricle starts to relax the pressure falls below aortic pressure= aortic valve closes
  • closure of the aortic valve causes dicrotic notch= disturbance on the aortic pressure curve
33
Q

What happens during isovolumetric relaxation?

A
  • when the aortic valve closes the AV valve is not open yet as ventricular pressure still exceeds atrial
  • so all valves are closed for a brief period
  • pressure falls and no blood flowing
34
Q

WHat happens during ventricular filling?

A
  • as ventricular pressure falls below atrial AV valve opens and ventricular filling occurs again
  • ventricular diastole is this and the isovolumetric relaxation
  • blood flowing from the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
  • filling causes atrial pressure to go up and the AV valve opens and rapid filling of the ventricle
  • when most blood delivered the pressure starts to fall
35
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

the volume of blood per minute pumped by a heart to the body

=heart rate x stroke volume

36
Q

How do large and small animals compare in heart beat and stroke volume?

A

-large animals have slower heartbeat and larger stroke volume

37
Q

How does the parasympathetic system influence heart rate?

A
  • slows it down, rest and digest= vagus nerve
  • ACh makes it more permeable to K+ (more leaving) which hyperpolarises the SA node membrane= more difficult to achieve threshold
  • ACh decreases excitability of the AV node, longer waiting there= longer AV delay
  • reduced weakened atrial contractile strength, reduced Ca2+ leakage = the plateau phase is shortened= heart beat more leasurely

so heart rate is slower,longer time between atrial and ventricular contraction and atrial contraction is weaker

38
Q

How does the sympathetic system influence heart rate?

A
  • increases heart rate- cardiac output
  • NE increases heart rate by increasing influx of Na+ and Ca2+
  • higher Ca2+ permeability (in) =decreases the AV delay
  • hypopolarised SA membrane so faster drift to threshold
  • increases atrial and ventricular contractile strength

so:increase pumping by increasing heart rate , decrease in AV delay, increasing force of contraction

39
Q

What are the extrinsic controls of the stroke volume?

A
  • sympathetic nerves and andrenalin
  • increase Ca2+ leakage
  • contractility
  • decrease in end systolic volume
40
Q

What are the intrinsic controls of the stroke volume?

A
  • diastolic filling
  • venous return= venous pressure x diastolic time
  • increase in end diastolic volume
  • optimal muscle fibre length
41
Q

What does intrinsic control refer to?

A

heart’s inherent ability to vary the stroke volume based on a direct correlation between end-diastolic volume and stroke volume
=more blood is returned to the heart, the more blood is pumped out

42
Q

What influences the heart muscle fibre length?

A

-the degree of diastolic filling = more filling= more stretch= longer fibres

43
Q

What is meant by extrinsic control?

A
  • the effects from regions further from the heart

- mostly actions of afferent and efferent nerves and adrenaline

BSC Zoology - Physiology (22 decks)

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