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BSC Zoology - Physiology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system divided into?

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord.

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3
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Nerve fibres carrying information between the CNS and other parts of the body.

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4
Q

Where are most of the neuronal cell bodies located?

A

The CNS.

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5
Q

What is the PNS subdivided into?

A

afferent

efferent

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6
Q

What do the afferent nerves do?

A

Cary information from the sensors to the CNS.

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7
Q

What do efferent nerves do?

A

Cary information from the CNS to effector organs.-

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8
Q

What are the two components of the efferent nervous system?

A

The autonomic system

The somatic system

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9
Q

What does the autonomic system do?

A

Nerve fibres innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle , glands, some motor organs and some immune organs. (no conscious control)

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10
Q

What two sections is the autonomic system divided into?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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11
Q

What does the somatic system do?

A
  • consists of fibres of the motor neurons that supply skeletal muscle
  • conscious control
  • also controls reflexes
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12
Q

What are the three classes of neurons?

A

Afferent, efferent, interneurons

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13
Q

Where are most of the afferent and efferent neurons?

A

PNS

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14
Q

Where are the interneurons located?

A

CNS

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15
Q

Are most visceral organs innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves?

A

Yes.

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16
Q

How do the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems interact?

A

They both affect most organs, in opposite ways. Both increase and decrease the activity in some.

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17
Q

Which system (sympathetic or parasympathetic) dominates the fight or flight response?

A

Sympathetic.

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18
Q

Which system (sympathetic or parasympathetic) dominates the rest and digest phase?

A

Parasympathetic-

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19
Q

What are the four major types of glial cells?

A

1 astrocytes
2 oligodendrocytes
3 ependymal cells
4 microglia

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20
Q

What are astrocytes?

A
  • most abundant glial cells
  • hold neurons together
  • guide them in fetal development)
  • help in establishing the blood brain barrier
  • nutrient transport
  • repair of injury
  • basically take care of the neurons
21
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

-glial cells that create myelin sheaths

22
Q

What are the ependymal cells?

A

Glial cells that line the internal cavities of the CNS

  • contributes to the formation of CSF
  • stem from which more glial and neural cells can emerge
  • control what goes in and out of the brain
23
Q

What are the microglia?

A

-the immune system of the CNS

24
Q

What layers protect the CNS?

A
  • cranium (skull)
  • the meninges- dura, arachnoid and pia mater
  • CSF
  • blood/brain barrier
25
Q

What layers protect the PNS?

A
  • spinal column

- meninges (pia and dura)

26
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A
  • protection of the brain

- exchange of material between the neural cells and the interstitial fluid (not blood)

27
Q

What is the role of astrocytes in the blood brain barrier?

A

Form tight junctions in between the capillaries so only way through is through the capillaries themselves not in between.

28
Q

What substances diffuse easily across the blood brain barrier?

A

CO2, O2, alcohol, anaesthetics and steroid hormones, small water molecules
=passive transport

29
Q

How are most substances transported across the blood brain barrier?

A
  • Active transport
  • transported by selective membrane bound carriers
  • glucose (only source of energy)
  • amino acids,
  • ions (Na+, K+ )
30
Q

What are the 4 main parts of functional anatomy of the brain?

A 
1.Cerebrum
below is
2. Forebrain
at the back is
3.Cerebellum
4.Brainstem
31
Q

What is the cerebrum divided into?

A
  1. Frontal lobes
  2. Parietal lobes
  3. Occipital lobes
  4. Temporal lobes
  5. Basal nuclei
32
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobes?

A

-voluntary motor activity

33
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobes?

A

-processing sensory information from somatic areas

34
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobes?

A

-visual information

35
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobes?

A

-auditory information

36
Q

What is the functions of the basal nuclei?

A

-action selection

37
Q

Which parts of the brain have a role in cerebral connections?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • limbic system
38
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A
  • relay station

- important in motor control

39
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

-integration center for homeostatic functions

40
Q

What is the role of the limbic system?

A

-animal motivation and memory

hippocampus and amygdala

41
Q

What is the EEG?

A

electroencephalography

  • electrodes on head= see electric activity depending on which part of the brain are active
  • pain detection (before slaughter)
42
Q

What are the cerebral functions?

A
  • learning

- memory-information/response processing

43
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • balance /eye movements)
  • organisation of voluntary movement (the patterns)
  • gaits
44
Q

Describe cerebral hypoplasia in cattle.

A
  • when cerebrum dies off

- animal can’t move well as its motor areas are gone

45
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A
  • vital visceral regulation
  • cranial nerves
  • sleep (anaesthesia)
  • relay center between the PNS and CNS
46
Q

Cranial nerve 12.

A

Hypoglossal

47
Q

What is part of the spinal cord?

A
  • meninges
  • CSF
  • Afferent tracts
  • Efferent tracts
  • spinal reflexes
48
Q

What is the small circuit involving the reflexes like?

A

Afferent neuron- interneuron- efferent neuron

49
Q

Describe Wobbler syndrome in horses.

A

-damage to spinal cord= instability of vertebrae= pinching of spinal nerves
-you know where your leg is, the horse doesn’t
= very hard to coordinate

BSC Zoology - Physiology (22 decks)

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