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Research Methods Test 4 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 traditions of qualitative research?

A
  1. Biographical study (life history)
  2. Phenomenology (lived experience)
  3. Grounded theory
  4. Ethnography (incl. PAR)
  5. Qualitative case study
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2
Q

____ ____ studies the experiences of
individuals in which individuals describe their
experiences in great details.

A

Biographical research

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3
Q

An individual’s life can reflect these 4 cultural themes of the society and the social contexts:

A
  1. the social space
  2. the social structure
  3. the social situations
  4. the social relations
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4
Q

Reasons that ____ ____ are undertaken depend on the people being studied and on those who conduct the study. There exist unknown facets of the subject’s life and a wealth of source material must be available for mining.

A

biographical studies

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5
Q

What is the more specific term that researchers
use to describe an extensive autobiographical
narrative, in either oral or written form, that covers all
or most of a life?

A

Life history

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6
Q

What may be the best way to write a biographical study?

A

Interview

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7
Q

The sources of information used for biographical study

can be collected through: (3)

A
  • conservations
  • from documents and archival materials
  • published or unpublished documents
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8
Q

How is a biographical study done?

A

The researcher collects individuals’ personal
recollections of events together with the
causes, and their effects of these events from
one or several individuals.

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9
Q

The biographical researcher needs to collect

____ information about the subject of the biography.

A

broad

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10
Q

This is a description of what type of study?

“Researchers ask open-ended questions to
capture how the person understands his or her own
past. Exact accuracy in the story is less critical than
the story itself. Researchers recognize that the
person may reconstruct or add present interpretations
to the past; the person may rewrite his or her story.
The main purpose is to get at how the respondent
sees or remembers the past, not just some kind of
subjective truth.”

A

Biographical

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11
Q

What tool may researchers use during biographical life study that asks the respondent what happened at various dates and in several areas of life, including education, migration, occupation and experiences in major social changes?

A

Life grid

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12
Q

True or false: In biographical study, the researcher can’t use artifacts to induce the interview.

A

False

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13
Q

True or false: In biographical study, the research may find an existing archive or create a new one of the person.

A

True

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14
Q

True of false: Biographical research can be objective and should strive for objectivity.

A

True

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15
Q

What should the researcher personally do in biographical study?

A

Declare any conflicts or perceived subjectivity.

The biographical writer needs to be able to bring himself or herself into the narrative and acknowledge his or her standpoint using an interpretive approach.

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16
Q

This is a description of what:

a philosophy or method of inquiry based
on the assumption that reality consists of objects and
events perceived or understood in human consciousness,
and not of anything independent of human consciousness

A

Phenomenology

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17
Q

True or false: The word phenomenon is derived from the Greek verb “to appear” or “show”.

A

True

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18
Q

In the philosophy of Kant (1724-1804), our experience is
always of the phenomenal world conveyed by our ____
since we do not have direct access to things in themselves,
(he called “thing-in-itself” noumenal)

A

sense

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19
Q

Phenomenology asks us to use our senses to ____ and ____ the world around us.

A

observe; understand

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20
Q

True or false: Kant said there are many ways to experience the world around us.

A

False: the only way to experience the world is through stimulus we process via our senses.

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21
Q

True or false: Phenomenology is the only way we are able to see/process the world around us.

A

True

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22
Q

Who initiated the phenomenology movement?

A

Edmund Husserl (U of Gottingen) in 1905.

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23
Q

What was Husserl’s intention?

A

To make possible a descriptive account of the essential structures of the directly given.

24
Q

What is this the definition of?

Things as apprehended by consciousness, rather than
on the existence of anything outside of human consciousness.

A

Phenomena

25
Q

Phenomenology restricts its attention to the ____ ____

of consciousness, which is uncontaminated by metaphysical theories or scientific assumptions of the researcher.

A

pure data

26
Q

____ studies the consciousness and experience as experienced from the subjective or first person point of view.

A

Phenomenology

27
Q

What is metaphysical theory based on, and what does it do to the data?

A

Logic, deduction and scientific assumption of research. Metaphysics contaminates the data because it provides researchers with a framework – not just pure intake or observation.

28
Q

True or false: According to Husserl in phenomenology, a necessary prior step was to eliminate all presuppositions and prejudices–whether philosophical, scientific, or naive–concerning the world and our knowledge of it.

A

True

29
Q

Although phenomenology intends to be scientific, it does
not attempt to study ____ from the perspective
of clinical psychology, neurology, cognitive psychology
and the empirical examinations. Instead, it investigates
through systematic reflection to explore the essential
properties and structures of lived experience.

A

consciousness

30
Q

Before the development of phenomenology, researchers thought we could understand everything and were attempting to understand the ____ of all things.

A

essence

31
Q

After the development of phenomenology, researchers understood that everything we know is ____, and that we can only observe and understand ____ via our senses.

A

phenomena; phenomena

32
Q

True or false: Phenomenology as a discipline has been central to the tradition of continental European philosophy throughout
the 20th century, (different from the the Austro-Anglo-
American tradition of analytic philosophy).

A

True

33
Q 
True or false: Phenomenology have been further developed by his students, Stein and Heidegger and by existentialists
including Sartre (influenced by Nietzsche), and other
philosophers, e.g. Gadamer
A

True

34
Q

In phenomenological study, the researchers have to put
aside their own ____ and ____ and try to grasp what
a phenomenon means for the respondent. The
phenomena not as they appear to “my” consciousness
of the researcher, but to the consciousness of the
respondent (preposition suspended). Then, and only then, the
researchers can ask what the phenomenon means for
the society in general. (This is the classical phenomenology.)

A

biases; beliefs

35
Q

This describes what type of study:

“Questions are raised as to how people think, believe,
choose, and why people engage in certain activities.
Emphasis is given to the use of consistent strategies
for confronting recurrent situations. The researcher
may observe the habit of people sitting at arm’s
length on the bus without any forms of interaction,
while on the first day class, the same strangers
would not hesitate to contact.”

A

Phenomenology

36
Q

The most common methods for phenomenology are: (3)

A

1 Interview

  1. Participant observations
  2. Documentary analysis
37
Q

Describe the three distinguishable methods used in the

analysis of classical phenomenology:

A

1) DESCRIBE a type of experience just as we find it in our own
(past) experience, the pure description of lived experience.

2) INTERPRET a type of experience by relating it to relevant social and linguistic context, hermeneutics.

3) ANALYZE the form of a type of experience, factoring out
notable features for further elaboration.

38
Q

____ ____ study derives interpretations
inductively from raw data with continual comparison and
interplay between data and emerging interpretations.

A

Grounded theory

39
Q

Sociologists Glaser and Strauss developed the constant comparative method, which later came to be known as ____ ____.

A

grounded theory

40
Q

Grounded theory was developed as a ____ methodology of generating theory from data.

A

systematic

41
Q

True or false: Since their original publication, Glaser and Strauss have disagreed on grounded theory. If you are using grounded theory, you must confirm whether you are using grounded theory according to Glaser or Strauss.

A

True

42
Q

Not only interview or observational data but also ____ or
____ analyses can be used in the comparative process
as well as literature data from science or media or even fiction
according to Glaser.

A

surveys; statistical analyses

43
Q

This ordered list represents what kind of study?

  1. A research question
  2. Select the participants (purposive, theoretical sampling)
  3. Data-collection (mostly through interview)
    Note-taking
    Coding and memoing
    Sorting
    Concepts
    Categories (similar concepts that used to generate a theory)
    “Writing theory”
A

Grounded theory

44
Q

What is the key to research in grounded theory?

A

Constant comparison

(Compare interviews, theory develops, and then compare data to
this theory)

45
Q

Describe the grounded theory process: (CIATSS)

A
  1. CONSTANT COMPARISON: compare interview to interview, theory emerges, then you compare
    data to theory.
  2. IDENTIFY CATEGORIES: Write comparisons in the margin of the note-taking as
    coding. The task is to identify categories (themes or variables)
    and their properties (in effect their sub-categories).
  3. ACCUMULATION: As the data collection and coding proceeds the codes and the
    memos accumulate.
  4. THEORETICAL SAMPLING: Add new cases to your sample through theoretical sampling which increases the diversity of the sample, searching for different properties.
  5. SATURATION: If no additional category is added when you increase new cases, the categories are saturated. This is a sign that you stop
    adding new cases, and it is time to move on to sorting.
  6. SORTING: Group your memos in a way of making your theory the clearest.
46
Q

Why is it called grounded theory?

A

Because the proponents feel as though the theory is grounded on data.

47
Q

True or false: grounded theory is a deductive approach.

A

False (inductive: from observations to theory)

48
Q

This describes what kind of study?

  • Inductive approach, from observations to theory.
  • Procedures are formulated in a way that different researcher can produce the same results, if they follow the procedure.
  • A high reliability.
  • These features may be posited it on positivism.
A

Grounded theory

49
Q

What does ethnography focus on?

A

It focuses on providing a detailed and accurate description of a culture from the viewpoint of an insider rather than the way the researcher understands things.

50
Q

Typically, the ____ study focuses on a community or a group
of people, selecting participants who have an overview of the activities
of the community, and obtaining a saturation of informants in all
empirical areas of investigation.

A

ethnographical

51
Q

____ ____ research is a kind of ethnography (often used in

social work studied.

A

Participatory action

52
Q

True or false: Data analysis usually takes place throughout the entire
ethnographical research process.

A

True

53
Q

List and define the 4 different ethonographical perspectives:

A
  1. Macro-ethnography - studies a broadly-defined cultural
    groupings, such as “the French” or a country.
  2. Micro-ethnography - studies narrowly-defined cultural groupings, such as a small community or members of a club.
  3. Emic perspective - is the approach that members of the given culture perceive their world. The emic perspective is the main stream of ethnography.
  4. Etic perspective - is the approach that non-members (outsiders) perceive and interpret behaviours and phenomena associated with a given culture.
54
Q

___ ___ research is neither new nor essentially qualitative.

A

Case study

55
Q

Instead of using large samples and following a rigid protocol to investigate a limited number of variables, this type of study involves an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single case. It provides a systematic way of examine events, collecting and analyze data, and report the results.

A

Case study

56
Q

___ ___ should be defined as a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context.

A

Case study

57
Q

True or false: Case study can include multiple cases, can include
quantitative evidence, and multiple sources of evidence, and can benefit from the prior development of theoretical propositions.

A

True

Research Methods Test 4 (8 decks)

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