Class 10

Question 1

Define non-probability sampling:

Answer 1

a sampling method in which not all members of the population have an equal chance of participating in the study, unlike probability sampling

Researcher selects samples based on the subjective judgment of the researcher rather than random selection

Question 2

Examples of non-probability sampling:

Answer 2

Convenience, quota, purposive, snowball

Question 3

Describe grounded theory

Answer 3

• “The methodology involves the construction of hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data. Grounded theory involves the application of inductive reasoning”
• Theoretical sampling (a nonprobability sampling, a term only for Grounded Theory): the researcher selects participants who can contribute to theory making: selecting homogenous group first, after the information is saturated. Then select different groups until a saturation of information.
• Sample size: normally 20-30 participants may reach a saturation of information
• in grounded theory – if multiple people follow the same protocol, should get same response
• Grounded theory is the highest in reliability in qualitative studies

Question 4

Phenomenology is:

Answer 4

• “a form of qualitative research that focuses on the study of an individual’s lived experiences within the world”
• long interviews
• sample size can be as low as a few

Question 5

What is ethnography?

Answer 5

• “a type of qualitative research that involves immersing yourself in a particular community or organization to observe their behavior and interactions up close.”
• Sometimes, the sample size may not be clear in ethnographical study, since the observation is an ongoing process (people may come and go). Some studies include as few as 10 participants

Question 6

In grounded theory, the coding process may include two types of coding:

Answer 6

Open coding and axial coding

Question 7

Opening coding:

Answer 7

breaking down, examining, comparing, conceptualizing and categorizing data.

Example: Ask a class “What makes you frustrated?”

Question 8

Axial coding:

Answer 8

making connections between categories derived from opening coding. (make connection between first and second layer)

“the breaking down of core themes during qualitative data analysis. Axial coding in grounded theory is the process of relating codes to each other, via a combination of inductive and deductive thinking”

Question 9

Phenomenology involves:

Answer 9

• the data are coded as clusters of meanings to discover the underlying structure or consciousness of human experiences
• Suspending judgment about the natural world to instead focus on analysis of mental experience (“bracketing”). This involves setting aside the question of the real existence of a contemplated object, as well as all other questions about the object’s physical or objective nature.

“For example, the act of seeing a horse qualifies as a mental experience, whether one sees the horse in person, in a dream, or in a hallucination. ‘Bracketing’ the horse suspends any judgment about the horse as object of inquiry, and instead analyses the phenomenon of the horse in the human consciousness” - definition of phenomenology bracketing

Question 10

The reliability of phenomenology is low compared with other qualitative methods.
T or F?

Answer 10

True; phenomenologist will not say something is true or not true but will study what it means to human consciousness

Question 11

Neckoway and Brownlee work on attachment theory showing the limitations/conditions under which the theory does not apply; not considered publishable initially because editor wanted it to fit with attachment theory
What type of research and reasoning is this an example of?

Answer 11

Grounded theory using inductive logic (from specific to general) because it showed exceptions to the theory

Question 12

Two issues in qualitative analysis:

Answer 12

• Over emphasizing the patterns and general themes, while losing the details of the specific situations (overgeneralizing, in my owrds, while Fan calls this ‘holistic fallacy’ but it is not googleable term)
• Over-weighting data from whose who articulate better and under-representing data from those do not – elite bias

Question 13

Define meta-analysis:

Answer 13

comprises statistical methods for contrasting and combining results from different studies on a specific issue in order to identify patterns among study results, sources of disagreement among those results, or other interesting relationships that may come to light in the context of multiple studies