Lecture 8B

Question 1

Cellular activity that requires O2 and releases CO2

Answer 1

Cellular respiration; allows for large amounts of ATP production

Question 2

Movement of a gas in two areas with different partial pressures

Answer 2

Moves from high to low pressure

Question 3

Expected features of respiratory surfaces

Answer 3

Moist, thin epithelium to allow for gas exchange

Question 4

Why do fish need efficient O2 intake mechanisms

Answer 4

Because O2 has a low water solubility.

Question 5

Impact of countercurrent exchange in fish gills

Answer 5

Maximizes the amount of oxygen that is absorbed by the blood through gill capillaries. Allows for completely oxygenated water to pass over the blood cells for the entirety of its exposure.

Question 6

Structural organization of insect tracheal systems

Answer 6

Spiracles: Pores in the exoskeleton that allows air to enter the trachea. Tracheal tubes primarily deliver oxygen into the tissue directly. Spiracles can open and close to control water loss. To close the spiracle closer muscles contract; to open the spiracle the closer muscle relaxes. The closer muscles are controlled by the central nervous system but also react to localized chemical stimuli. There are usually one pair of spiracles per body segment.
Tracheal tubes: After being drawn in through the spiracles, air travels through the tracheal tubes, which branch off into smaller and smaller structures to distribute air throughout the organism. Smaller insects can rely on passive diffusion for gas exchange, while larger insects need more active transport.

Question 7

Mechanism used to control inhalation and exhalation of air in human lungs

Answer 7

Rib muscles, diaphragm

Question 8

Alveoli

Answer 8

Sacs in the lungs that receive air from respiration, give oxygen to blood cells running in capillaries next to the membrane and receive carbon dioxide from the same cells. Expels the waste carbon dioxide.

Question 9

Area of brain that primarily regulates respiratory rates

Answer 9

Brain stem: medulla, pons, and midbrain

Question 10

Repiratory pigments

Answer 10

Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Work to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 11

Features that allow diving animals to function for long periods of time underwater

Answer 11

High myoglobin concentration
Efficient movement
Tight control of blood flow
~2x blood volume per kg of body mass

Question 12

Respiratory media

Answer 12

air or water

Question 13

Fermentation

Answer 13

occurs in the absence of oxygen; does not produce as much atp; produces acid as a byproduct

Question 14

The pressure of gas is _________ related to the amount of gas present

Answer 14

directly

Question 15

Diffusion

Answer 15

movement of concentrations from high to low