Lecture 7A Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of the structure of organisms and their parts
Physiology
Study of the function of structures in an organism
Emergent Property
A characteristic of a larger system which is described with multiple smaller parts (eg memory)
Homeostasis
A state of balance among body systems needed for an organism to survive and function correctly
Tissue
A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function
Extracellular Matrix
A network of proteins and other molecules outside of the cell to give structure, attachment, and communication
Interstitial fluid
Fluid found in the spaces around cells
Ground Substance
Amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular space except for fibrous materials. (Eg plasma in blood, cartilage)
Four major animal tissue types
Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, and Nervous Tissues
General functions of Epithelial tissue
Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception
Locations where epithelial tissue is found
Skin, GI tract, heart and vessels, lungs
Simple v. Stratified Tissues
Simple: a single layer of cells
Stratified: multiple layers of cells
Tissue cell shapes
Squamous: flat and spread out, comparable to a fried egg
Columnar: height is significantly longer than width
Cuboidal: cell is even all around, cube-like
Polarity in cells
Expected in epithelial tissue, one side of the cell performs a different function than the other.
Apical Side
Side of an epithelial cell which faces a free environment (air or liquid)
Basal Side
Side of an epithelial cell that faces the body. Anchors to connective tissue.
Basement membrane
Proteins that connect the basal side of the cell to the connective tissue
General functions of muscle tissue
Movement, heat
Actin
Subtype of cytoskeletal proteins.
Myosin
Motor proteins which generate movement in one direction by “walking” along cytoskeletal fibers.
How do skeletal muscles generate movement?
Myosin moves along actin contracting the cell.
Skeletal muscle cell shape
Long and cylindrical with a “striped” appearance
Muscle tissue types
Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
Connective tissue general functions
Support (anchor, cushion, connect, protect), insulation, transport (blood)
Connective tissue subtypes
Loose, Fibrous, Adipose, Blood, and Bone
Skeletal muscle functions
Voluntary movement, some reflexes
Cardiac muscle function/location
Found in heart; smooth and rhythmic contractions
Smooth muscle functions/locations
Digestive system; keep food moving
Blood vessels; control blood pressure
Nervous tissue general functions and makeup
Communication; Senses, integrates, and sends information. Made of neurons and glial cells.
Tissue type that makes up most exocrine/endocrine glands
Epithelial tissue
Neuron function v. Glial cell function
Neuron: receive and send information
Glial cell: supply nutrients to and protect neurons. Surround neurons.
Neuron cell parts and functions
Dendrites: branching structures that receive information
Cell body: supplies energy, proteins, and other materials to the axon
Axon: part of the neuron responsible for carrying signals away from the soma
Axon terminal: end of the axon responsible for sending a signal to another cell near it
Describe a chemical synapse
Vesicles containing chemical signals travel through the axon to the axon terminal. They then exit the neuron and enter the interstitial fluid near the target cell. The target cell senses the chemical signal and reacts accordingly.
Neurotransmitter
Endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body.
Relationship between surface area and movement (exchange or absorption)
More surface area allows for more movement of materials across a membrane.
