Lecture 8 - Veterinary Vaccines

Question 1

Give six qualities of the ideal vaccine

Answer 1

Stimulates adaptive immunity strongly, no need for booster

Minimal side effects

Safe for use in young and pregnant animals

DIVA

Easy to administer

Stable

Question 2

List three strategies for viruses to evade the immune system and give examples

Answer 2

1. Change in antigens via high error rates in viral replication enzymes e.g influenza
2. Hide from immune system by interrupting MHC I and II expression , or by infecting immunologically privileged tissues e.g herpesvirus
3. Disrupt cytokine networks to direct inflammatory cascade away from viral clearance e.g herpesvirus

Question 3

What are the three types of non-viable vaccines?

Answer 3

Killed whole organisms

Direct DNA vaccine

Subunit vaccine

Question 4

What are the three types of subunit vaccine?

Answer 4

Toxoids
Recombinant proteins
Synthetic peptides

Question 5

What are two methods for creating ‘live attenuated’ vaccines?

Answer 5

Use viruses from heterologous species

Grow virus in cell culture for a long time until it loses virulence factors

Question 6

What is a ‘vectored vaccine’? How does it work?

Answer 6

A subunit vaccine - has been genetically modified so that virulence or replication genes are deleted/mutated. Delivered in a ‘vector virus’ which allows the vaccine genes to be produced by host but does not damage cell.
Induces good CMI and ab immunity.