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Drugs 101 > Lecture 8 = Tobacco > Flashcards

Lecture 8 = Tobacco Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the most dangerous substance

A

tobacco

more so than DDT, PCB’s, industrial chemicals, cocaine, alcohol, suicide, etc. combined

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2
Q

what are the main causes of death and what are they caused by?

A

heart disease, cancer, respiratory diseases, and strokes

all caused by tobacco

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3
Q

life expectancy of smokers vs. non-smokers

A

non = 84 years
smokers = 73 years

quitting before age 30 adds 10 years to life

smokers lives are 11 years shorter

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4
Q

how was tobacco discoered

A

1492 - Columbus

carribean islands

introduced to europeans from Columbus

Jean Nicot introduced tobacco to France (l’herbe nicotine)

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5
Q

what was one of the original purposes of tobacco o in European culture

A

given to revive drowning victims

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6
Q

original consumption methods of tobacco

A

smoked in clubs/social atmosphere

consume in pipe with long stem (long tube removed some of acid to reduce irritation)

water pipes (smoke bubbled through water to remove acid)

snuff with aristocracy

chewing tobacco was masses

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7
Q

why would people smoke infrequently in early days of Tobacco

A

tobacco generated a lot of acid when burned that would cause throat irritation

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8
Q

what were the 3 production methods of tobacco

A

cigarettes originally rolled by hand

bonsack machines = automatically rolled cigarettes (more affordable and easy)

flue-curing = leaves hung up in buildings and heated with chimney flumes to reduce acid

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9
Q

what are the 3 main reasons why cigarettes became dangerous

A

machine manufacturing reduced costs making them more affordable

flue curing reduced acid irritants in smoke = allowing people to inhale more causing smoke to go deep into lungs

cigarettes became more addictive = inhaling deeper brought nicotine into lungs (highly addictive substance)

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10
Q

what two factors increase exposure to toxic substances

A

toxicity and exposure

something needs to be toxic and you have to have a lot of exposure to it for it to be dangerous

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11
Q

how many cigarettes did people smoke per year in the 1800s vs. in today’s society

A

80 per year

10 000 per year

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12
Q

what is the most dangerous part of smoking?

A

nicotine is addictive - which causes you to smoke more

what is the most dangerous is the inhalation of smoke

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13
Q

how many mg of nicotine per cigarette is required to make someone addicted

A

2mg per cigarette

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14
Q

why was nicotine gum designed

A

to replace nicotine from cigarette to help person stop smoking

takes away the smoking aspect (better for health)

still contains 2mg per piece

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15
Q

how do receptor molecules work

A

messenger molecule binds to a receptor

results in shape change of receptor

shape change results in information being transmitted

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16
Q

what type of receptors does nicotine act on?

A

acetylcholine receptors

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17
Q

describe when nicotine is an agonist and what it means

A

mimics the messenger molecule + sends signals w/o the normal messenger causing signals to be amplified

acts as stimulant

occurs at low doses causing stimulating effect

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18
Q

describe when nicotine is an antagonist and what it means

A

mimics the normal messenger, binds to the receptor and changes shape preventing normal messenger from binding and preventing signals from being transmitted

results in blocking/weakening of signals

results in relaxing effect and at high doses

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19
Q

what happens when a smoker wants stimulation

A

want stimulation = take quick puff of cigarette = results in low dose = nicotine acts as agonist = amplifies signals (stimulant)

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20
Q

what happens when smoker wants relaxation

A

wants relaxation = take deep drag of cigarette - results in high dose = nicotine acts as antagonist = blocks signals (acts as relaxant)

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21
Q

what neurotransmitter does nicotine stimulate the release of? describe

A

stimulates the release of dopamine

reward chemical, associated with learning, feel good

makes it addictive

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22
Q

what are smoking cues

A

add to addition

rituals associated with smoking

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23
Q

what is the lethal dose of nicotine for an adult? what is this found in? what is this similar to?

A

lethal dose is 60 mg

this amount is found in cigars - but most gets burned away

similar to cyanide where lethal dose is 70 mg

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24
Q

how does nicotine lead to heart attacks

A

stimulates the heart muscle
causes heart rate to increase
leads to heart attacks

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25
Q

what is the most toxic substance in tobacco smoke? describe

A

carbon monoxide

sticks to hemoglobin (oxygen transporter) much tighter than oxygen itself

causes body to be incapable of carrying oxygen in bloodstream by hemoglobins

causes tissues to be starved of oxygen (including heart tissues which can lead to heart attack)

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26
Q

what are the four most toxic substances in tobacco smoke

A

carbon monoxide
polonium (polonium 210)
strong carcinogens
powerful electrophiles

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27
Q

describe polonium in tobacco smoke

A

by-product of tobacco smoke combustion

radioactive metal easily vaporized

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28
Q

describe the strong carcinogens in tobacco smoke

A

by-product of combustion

various types

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29
Q

describe the powerful electrophiles in tobacco smoke

A

by-product of combustion

class of chemical substances which harm DNA by reacting chemically with it causing damage/mutations

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30
Q

who linked cancer to smoking and when

A

Alton Ochsner in 1919

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31
Q

describe lung cancer cases in 1919 vs. 2004

A

1919 = 400 (mostly due to chimmneys)
2004 = 190 000 (mostly due to smoking)

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32
Q

how long is the delay between onset of smoking and lung cancer

A

20 years

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33
Q

who was tobacco advertising originally targeted at? what methods were used

A

movie stars paid to smoke

cigarettes provided free to soldiers

34
Q

when did tobacco start advertising to women? what methods were used

A

1950s

scare tactics

myth that smoking keeps you thin

35
Q

why do smokers eat more when they quit

A

when you smoke - you get dopamine

replace dopamine from smoking with food

36
Q

why does smoking lead to wrinkles

A

carbon monoxide damages collagen in the elastic material in your skin

damaged collagen leads to wrinkles

37
Q

describe characteristics of cigarette paper

A

engineered to burn at consistent rate using chemical additives

TiO2 keeps paper lit

38
Q

describe burn rings on cigarettes

A

differences in the thickness of cigarette paper

thin areas burn quickly when smoker draws in

thick areas burn slowly between buffs

burning of paper alternates between fast and flow depending on what smoker is doing

39
Q

what does filter of cigarette do

A

nothing

expensive decoration

gives illusion that it is doing something through yellow stain

charcoal filters don’t work better

added in the 50s

40
Q

what tobacco is used in cigarettes

A

not natural - reconstituted tobacco (tobacco with chemical additives)

can use whole plant (cheaper), or a blend (high quality with low quality)

can also use recon = paper made from tobacco cut into small strips

41
Q

how is nicotine delivered through cigarette

A

nicotine is a liquid

when heated, turns into gas

acid is generated as an acid-byproduct (HCL and HCN) via the combustion of nicotine

acid reacts with the liquid form of nicotine and changes it into solid form

gas will be sucked into the smoker’s lungs

42
Q

what does ammonia do in cigarette paper

A

can reverse acid/nicotine reaction allowing solid form to be converted back into the liquid form

allows right dose to be delivered to smoker

43
Q

what are light cigarettes

A

no different than regular

engineered with vent holes at top to cheat lab testing

to get 2mg dose of nicotine, people cover holes and draw in more deeply - can be more dangerous

44
Q

how do labs test cigarettes

A

cigarette lighted

vacuum draws gases from cigarette into machine that measures amount of harmful materials

45
Q

how do light cigarettes bypass testing

A

holes at top of cigarette

vacuum ends up drawing in a bunch of air rather than the smoke from cigarette

makes them test safer than they actually are

46
Q

what two companies/shows were muzzled due to being owned by tobacco companies

A

TIME magazine

60 minutes

47
Q

how did tobacco companies consistently win law cases

A

prolonging until person died

48
Q

what loophole did tobacco companies use to say that tobacco wasn’t addictive

A

scientific definition of addictiveness = includes dependence, withdrawal, and tolerance

however, lawmakers added intoxication to legal definition of addiction to protect tobacco companies because tobacco doesn’t intoxicate

49
Q

what does an e-cigarette consist of

A

specialized heater and e fluid

50
Q

describe the specialized heater of an e-cigarette

A

heater generates an aerosol

droplets are suspended in vapour which simulates texture of smoke

nicotine absorbed in lungs

remaining aerosol expelled

51
Q

describe e-fluid of e-cigarettes - what are three main components

A

flavoured vapor source

solvent
nicotine
flavor

52
Q

describe 3 main components of e-fluid solvent

A

contains propylene glycol, glycerol (glycerin), and polyethylene glycol (PEG)

53
Q

how does solvent simulate smoke

A

contains large water soluble molecules

vapour condenses after heating which creates droplets which create appearance of smoke

creates a texture similar to smoke in mouth

some solvents create agcrolein when heated (carcinogen)

54
Q

how much nicotine is in e-cigarettes

A

variable

0-60 mg, even though 20mg is legal

55
Q

why are e-cigarette flavours used and why is it controversial

A

nicotine has bitter flavour

flavourings are safe in food, but we don’t know what they do in lungs

some appeal to children

56
Q

what is a dangerous flavouring in e-cigarettes

A

diacetyl (popcorn lung)

57
Q

difference between original vapes and nicotine salt style apes

A

original = delivery nicotine slowly, less addictive, don’t deliver same hit as regular cigarettes

nicotine salt = designed to replicate hit of cigarette, more addictive

58
Q

describe how nicotine absorption occurs in regular cigarettes

A

tobacco heated creating smoke

smoke contains nicotine and acids

goes into lungs

nicotine and acids recombine in lungs to create nicotine salt

nicotine salt gets absorbed quickly into blood

get fast delivery of nicotine (hit)

59
Q

describe how nicotine absorption occurs in first gen e-cigarettes

A

heat juice and only ingredient that goes into vapour is nicotine

nicotine goes into lungs and gets absorbed into blood very slowly

no hit

60
Q

describe how nicotine absorption occurs in nicotine salt vapes

A

benzoic acid is added to fluid

nicotine and benzoic acids end up in the vapour when heated and enter the lungs

recombine in lungs to form a volatile nicotine salt

salt quickly enters bloodstream

results in hit

61
Q

describe nicotine pods

A

contain 60 mg of nicotine (30 cigarettes)

vapour concentrated

pods small and produce small puffs of vapour

last for many hours

equivalent to smoking 2-3 cigarettes at a time

heart attack risk

62
Q

why is vaping unsafe

A

solvent gets converted to acrolein which is carcinogen

nicotine - potentially up to 40 mg

flavour contains carbonyl compounds that could be dangerous + don’t know how they affect lungs

63
Q

why is vaping safer than cigarettes?

A

takes out smoking component

most dangerous product in vape = nicotine (which is least dangerous product in cigarettes)

could be up to 95% safer

64
Q

why is it hard to test vapes?

A

marketing is happening faster than science

so many new formulations/methods/flavours being created constantly

65
Q

how can e-cigarettes be improved

A

replace/reduce solvent - texture not needed (use water instead)

limit flavours (can be harmful, ban child-friendly, and limit numbers for easy testing)

set standards

add software to control dosing

66
Q

what are the benefits of weed legalization

A

reduces costs associated with law enforcement surrounding weed regulation

creates a regulated market to ensure safety

67
Q

what are the 2 active ingredients in cannabis and what do they do

A

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) = sensation of being high

cannabidiol (CBD) = medial purposes

68
Q

why might THC be used in medicine?

A

anorexia = side effect of increased appetite
drug Sativex = reduces uncontrolled motions in multiple sclerosis

other benefits questionable and might impair memory

69
Q

describe residence time of THC

A

daily users may be impaired for 30 days after stopping consumption

dissolves in body fat and stays for long time

70
Q

when should you avoid driving after consuming weed

A

4 hours after smoking
6 hours after oral

71
Q

what three materials are always in smoke (no matter the source) and what are there effects

A

carbon monoxide = leads to heart attack

carcinogens = cancer (ex. polonium and other combustion by-products)

toxins = poisoning (ex. cyanide)

72
Q

describe edibles

A

slower onset and last longer

potentially stronger

different than smoked

easier to OD

73
Q

what chemical substance gets produced when smoking weed vs. when ingesting

A

smoke = 9deltaTHC
eating = 11-hydroxy-THC

74
Q

why is edibles slower than smoking

A

11-hydroxy-THC takes long time to enter brain, but enters blood quick

75
Q

what consistency should weed vape liquids be? how can you test?

A

thick and viscus

use bubble test

76
Q

how are unethical companies simulating viscus THC liquid + what are the effects

A

adding vitamin E for thickness

harmful in lungs

causes chemical pneumonia = coats inside of lungs and builds up leading to suffocation

prevents oxygen from passing into blood from lungs

very difficult for body to remove vitamin E

77
Q

what are possible long term effects of THC

A

increase in dopamine which could lead to schizophrenia

78
Q

how much stronger is cannabis today compared to 60s

A

60s: 2% THC 2% CBD

Today: 20% THC 0$ CBD

79
Q

what is cannabinoid hyperesmesis syndrome

A

may occur in daily cannabis users

severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting

due to high THC amounts in weed

80
Q

what loophole are Americans using to get around weed being illegal

A

using delta8 weed instead of delta9

law specifically restricts dela9

but - not much research into delta8

Drugs 101 (4 decks)

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