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Drugs 101 > Lecture 8 = Tobacco > Flashcards

Lecture 8 = Tobacco Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most dangerous substance

A

tobacco

more so than DDT, PCB’s, industrial chemicals, cocaine, alcohol, suicide, etc. combined

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2
Q

what are the main causes of death and what are they caused by?

A

heart disease, cancer, respiratory diseases, and strokes

all caused by tobacco

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3
Q

life expectancy of smokers vs. non-smokers

A

non = 84 years
smokers = 73 years

quitting before age 30 adds 10 years to life

smokers lives are 11 years shorter

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4
Q

how was tobacco discoered

A

1492 - Columbus

carribean islands

introduced to europeans from Columbus

Jean Nicot introduced tobacco to France (l’herbe nicotine)

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5
Q

what was one of the original purposes of tobacco o in European culture

A

given to revive drowning victims

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6
Q

original consumption methods of tobacco

A

smoked in clubs/social atmosphere

consume in pipe with long stem (long tube removed some of acid to reduce irritation)

water pipes (smoke bubbled through water to remove acid)

snuff with aristocracy

chewing tobacco was masses

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7
Q

why would people smoke infrequently in early days of Tobacco

A

tobacco generated a lot of acid when burned that would cause throat irritation

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8
Q

what were the 3 production methods of tobacco

A

cigarettes originally rolled by hand

bonsack machines = automatically rolled cigarettes (more affordable and easy)

flue-curing = leaves hung up in buildings and heated with chimney flumes to reduce acid

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9
Q

what are the 3 main reasons why cigarettes became dangerous

A

machine manufacturing reduced costs making them more affordable

flue curing reduced acid irritants in smoke = allowing people to inhale more causing smoke to go deep into lungs

cigarettes became more addictive = inhaling deeper brought nicotine into lungs (highly addictive substance)

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10
Q

what two factors increase exposure to toxic substances

A

toxicity and exposure

something needs to be toxic and you have to have a lot of exposure to it for it to be dangerous

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11
Q

how many cigarettes did people smoke per year in the 1800s vs. in today’s society

A

80 per year

10 000 per year

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12
Q

what is the most dangerous part of smoking?

A

nicotine is addictive - which causes you to smoke more

what is the most dangerous is the inhalation of smoke

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13
Q

how many mg of nicotine per cigarette is required to make someone addicted

A

2mg per cigarette

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14
Q

why was nicotine gum designed

A

to replace nicotine from cigarette to help person stop smoking

takes away the smoking aspect (better for health)

still contains 2mg per piece

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15
Q

how do receptor molecules work

A

messenger molecule binds to a receptor

results in shape change of receptor

shape change results in information being transmitted

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16
Q

what type of receptors does nicotine act on?

A

acetylcholine receptors

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17
Q

describe when nicotine is an agonist and what it means

A

mimics the messenger molecule + sends signals w/o the normal messenger causing signals to be amplified

acts as stimulant

occurs at low doses causing stimulating effect

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18
Q

describe when nicotine is an antagonist and what it means

A

mimics the normal messenger, binds to the receptor and changes shape preventing normal messenger from binding and preventing signals from being transmitted

results in blocking/weakening of signals

results in relaxing effect and at high doses

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19
Q

what happens when a smoker wants stimulation

A

want stimulation = take quick puff of cigarette = results in low dose = nicotine acts as agonist = amplifies signals (stimulant)

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20
Q

what happens when smoker wants relaxation

A

wants relaxation = take deep drag of cigarette - results in high dose = nicotine acts as antagonist = blocks signals (acts as relaxant)

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21
Q

what neurotransmitter does nicotine stimulate the release of? describe

A

stimulates the release of dopamine

reward chemical, associated with learning, feel good

makes it addictive

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22
Q

what are smoking cues

A

add to addition

rituals associated with smoking

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23
Q

what is the lethal dose of nicotine for an adult? what is this found in? what is this similar to?

A

lethal dose is 60 mg

this amount is found in cigars - but most gets burned away

similar to cyanide where lethal dose is 70 mg

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24
Q

how does nicotine lead to heart attacks

A

stimulates the heart muscle
causes heart rate to increase
leads to heart attacks

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25
what is the most toxic substance in tobacco smoke? describe
carbon monoxide sticks to hemoglobin (oxygen transporter) much tighter than oxygen itself causes body to be incapable of carrying oxygen in bloodstream by hemoglobins causes tissues to be starved of oxygen (including heart tissues which can lead to heart attack)
26
what are the four most toxic substances in tobacco smoke
carbon monoxide polonium (polonium 210) strong carcinogens powerful electrophiles
27
describe polonium in tobacco smoke
by-product of tobacco smoke combustion radioactive metal easily vaporized
28
describe the strong carcinogens in tobacco smoke
by-product of combustion various types
29
describe the powerful electrophiles in tobacco smoke
by-product of combustion class of chemical substances which harm DNA by reacting chemically with it causing damage/mutations
30
who linked cancer to smoking and when
Alton Ochsner in 1919
31
describe lung cancer cases in 1919 vs. 2004
1919 = 400 (mostly due to chimmneys) 2004 = 190 000 (mostly due to smoking)
32
how long is the delay between onset of smoking and lung cancer
20 years
33
who was tobacco advertising originally targeted at? what methods were used
movie stars paid to smoke cigarettes provided free to soldiers
34
when did tobacco start advertising to women? what methods were used
1950s scare tactics myth that smoking keeps you thin
35
why do smokers eat more when they quit
when you smoke - you get dopamine replace dopamine from smoking with food
36
why does smoking lead to wrinkles
carbon monoxide damages collagen in the elastic material in your skin damaged collagen leads to wrinkles
37
describe characteristics of cigarette paper
engineered to burn at consistent rate using chemical additives TiO2 keeps paper lit
38
describe burn rings on cigarettes
differences in the thickness of cigarette paper thin areas burn quickly when smoker draws in thick areas burn slowly between buffs burning of paper alternates between fast and flow depending on what smoker is doing
39
what does filter of cigarette do
nothing expensive decoration gives illusion that it is doing something through yellow stain charcoal filters don't work better added in the 50s
40
what tobacco is used in cigarettes
not natural - reconstituted tobacco (tobacco with chemical additives) can use whole plant (cheaper), or a blend (high quality with low quality) can also use recon = paper made from tobacco cut into small strips
41
how is nicotine delivered through cigarette
nicotine is a liquid when heated, turns into gas acid is generated as an acid-byproduct (HCL and HCN) via the combustion of nicotine acid reacts with the liquid form of nicotine and changes it into solid form gas will be sucked into the smoker's lungs
42
what does ammonia do in cigarette paper
can reverse acid/nicotine reaction allowing solid form to be converted back into the liquid form allows right dose to be delivered to smoker
43
what are light cigarettes
no different than regular engineered with vent holes at top to cheat lab testing to get 2mg dose of nicotine, people cover holes and draw in more deeply - can be more dangerous
44
how do labs test cigarettes
cigarette lighted vacuum draws gases from cigarette into machine that measures amount of harmful materials
45
how do light cigarettes bypass testing
holes at top of cigarette vacuum ends up drawing in a bunch of air rather than the smoke from cigarette makes them test safer than they actually are
46
what two companies/shows were muzzled due to being owned by tobacco companies
TIME magazine 60 minutes
47
how did tobacco companies consistently win law cases
prolonging until person died
48
what loophole did tobacco companies use to say that tobacco wasn't addictive
scientific definition of addictiveness = includes dependence, withdrawal, and tolerance however, lawmakers added intoxication to legal definition of addiction to protect tobacco companies because tobacco doesn't intoxicate
49
what does an e-cigarette consist of
specialized heater and e fluid
50
describe the specialized heater of an e-cigarette
heater generates an aerosol droplets are suspended in vapour which simulates texture of smoke nicotine absorbed in lungs remaining aerosol expelled
51
describe e-fluid of e-cigarettes - what are three main components
flavoured vapor source solvent nicotine flavor
52
describe 3 main components of e-fluid solvent
contains propylene glycol, glycerol (glycerin), and polyethylene glycol (PEG)
53
how does solvent simulate smoke
contains large water soluble molecules vapour condenses after heating which creates droplets which create appearance of smoke creates a texture similar to smoke in mouth some solvents create agcrolein when heated (carcinogen)
54
how much nicotine is in e-cigarettes
variable 0-60 mg, even though 20mg is legal
55
why are e-cigarette flavours used and why is it controversial
nicotine has bitter flavour flavourings are safe in food, but we don't know what they do in lungs some appeal to children
56
what is a dangerous flavouring in e-cigarettes
diacetyl (popcorn lung)
57
difference between original vapes and nicotine salt style apes
original = delivery nicotine slowly, less addictive, don't deliver same hit as regular cigarettes nicotine salt = designed to replicate hit of cigarette, more addictive
58
describe how nicotine absorption occurs in regular cigarettes
tobacco heated creating smoke smoke contains nicotine and acids goes into lungs nicotine and acids recombine in lungs to create nicotine salt nicotine salt gets absorbed quickly into blood get fast delivery of nicotine (hit)
59
describe how nicotine absorption occurs in first gen e-cigarettes
heat juice and only ingredient that goes into vapour is nicotine nicotine goes into lungs and gets absorbed into blood very slowly no hit
60
describe how nicotine absorption occurs in nicotine salt vapes
benzoic acid is added to fluid nicotine and benzoic acids end up in the vapour when heated and enter the lungs recombine in lungs to form a volatile nicotine salt salt quickly enters bloodstream results in hit
61
describe nicotine pods
contain 60 mg of nicotine (30 cigarettes) vapour concentrated pods small and produce small puffs of vapour last for many hours equivalent to smoking 2-3 cigarettes at a time heart attack risk
62
why is vaping unsafe
solvent gets converted to acrolein which is carcinogen nicotine - potentially up to 40 mg flavour contains carbonyl compounds that could be dangerous + don't know how they affect lungs
63
why is vaping safer than cigarettes?
takes out smoking component most dangerous product in vape = nicotine (which is least dangerous product in cigarettes) could be up to 95% safer
64
why is it hard to test vapes?
marketing is happening faster than science so many new formulations/methods/flavours being created constantly
65
how can e-cigarettes be improved
replace/reduce solvent - texture not needed (use water instead) limit flavours (can be harmful, ban child-friendly, and limit numbers for easy testing) set standards add software to control dosing
66
what are the benefits of weed legalization
reduces costs associated with law enforcement surrounding weed regulation creates a regulated market to ensure safety
67
what are the 2 active ingredients in cannabis and what do they do
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) = sensation of being high cannabidiol (CBD) = medial purposes
68
why might THC be used in medicine?
anorexia = side effect of increased appetite drug Sativex = reduces uncontrolled motions in multiple sclerosis other benefits questionable and might impair memory
69
describe residence time of THC
daily users may be impaired for 30 days after stopping consumption dissolves in body fat and stays for long time
70
when should you avoid driving after consuming weed
4 hours after smoking 6 hours after oral
71
what three materials are always in smoke (no matter the source) and what are there effects
carbon monoxide = leads to heart attack carcinogens = cancer (ex. polonium and other combustion by-products) toxins = poisoning (ex. cyanide)
72
describe edibles
slower onset and last longer potentially stronger different than smoked easier to OD
73
what chemical substance gets produced when smoking weed vs. when ingesting
smoke = 9deltaTHC eating = 11-hydroxy-THC
74
why is edibles slower than smoking
11-hydroxy-THC takes long time to enter brain, but enters blood quick
75
what consistency should weed vape liquids be? how can you test?
thick and viscus use bubble test
76
how are unethical companies simulating viscus THC liquid + what are the effects
adding vitamin E for thickness harmful in lungs causes chemical pneumonia = coats inside of lungs and builds up leading to suffocation prevents oxygen from passing into blood from lungs very difficult for body to remove vitamin E
77
what are possible long term effects of THC
increase in dopamine which could lead to schizophrenia
78
how much stronger is cannabis today compared to 60s
60s: 2% THC 2% CBD Today: 20% THC 0$ CBD
79
what is cannabinoid hyperesmesis syndrome
may occur in daily cannabis users severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting due to high THC amounts in weed
80
what loophole are Americans using to get around weed being illegal
using delta8 weed instead of delta9 law specifically restricts dela9 but - not much research into delta8

Drugs 101 (4 decks)

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