Lecture 6 = Sports Flashcards
have attitudes surrounding drugs always been negative?
no
ben johnson
responsible to changing attitudes towards drugs in sports to being negative
won 100m dash, but stripped of gold medal when tested positive for drug
used stanozolol invented by John Manson
Mark McGwire (1990s)
McGwire and Sosa competed to win home run record in 1990s
McGwire run but achievement gained because he took drugs - which there were no restrictions against
media made big deal out of it
Barry Bonds
great player, but was associated with company Alco
Alco was associated with famous drug doping scandal
never proven he had taken anything - but no team wanted one
holds most career home run record
Marion Jones
associated with same scandal as Barry Bonds (same company)
lied to court saying she never took drugs - evidence said differently
pleaded guilty and was stripped of medals and spent 6 months in jail
describe attitudes around drugs in ancient greek olympics
drugs were encouraged
people wanted athletes to be the best they could be
don’t know what drugs people took - athletes wanted to keep secret to prevent competitors from finding out
what drink did Zulu warriors consume to prepare for battle
dop - alcoholic drink
associated with courage and aggression
what did English refer to Zulu drink as? what did Afrikaans refer to Zulu drink as?
dope (English)
doop (Afrikaans)
why did people dope racehorses in England 100 years ago?
people raced horses as sporting event + would bet money
if lots of people bet on horse, you would make less money.
if fewer people bet on horse, you would make more money
people tried to fix races by drugging horses to make them slower - so underdog would win and people would win money
drug tests started to be performed on horses
describe the very first drug tests
done on horses because people were fixing horse races by doping horses
saliva was collected and chemical tests were ran to test for drugs
what are common examples of endurance drugs? which ones actually work
caffeine
cocaine
alcohol
nitroglycerine (heart patients)
strychnine (rat poison - stimulant if right dose)
only nitro and stretch work
Thomas Hicks - Olympic Marathon (1906)
rough conditions for running (very high temps + no water)
collapsed multiple times + team gave him mixture of alcohol, egg whites and strychnine (stimulant)
kept collapsing but then consuming drink
won marathon + bragged about taking drugs
what does adrenaline do (discovered 1901)
makes you more aggressive/stronger
activates fight/flight response
what sport is notorious for use of adrenaline? what was attitude towards it
boxing
not ashamed - would go inject with drugs in the corner
is adrenaline good for sports?
no
not drug-like
short duration of action
has to be injected by IV (can be dangerous)
who discovered amphetamine and what was its purpose? (1929)
Gordon Alles in 1929
wanted to make a more user-friendly version of adrenaline
created artificial version of adrenaline (same core structure) and called it amphetamine
injected self with it (people would experiment on family members)
had trouble figuring out what it could be used for - originally decongestant
what are the benefits of amphetamine
drug-like
can be administered in pill form
will last longer in body than adrenaline
what was the original purpose of amphetamine
decongestant
first nasal decongestant
sold as cold medication for 10 years
what was the first noticed side effect of amphetamine
kept you awake
what did Germans do in WW2 to stay awake/alert for Blitzkrieg? what was main ingredient in drug?
produced performance enhancing pills called Pervitin tablets
enhanced endurance and allowed soldiers to stay awake
contained methamphetamine
how did allies discover Germans using methamphetamine and what tests did they run?
discovered in pilots uniforms
compared caffeine, methamphetamine, and amphetamine
- caffeine caused shakes/jitters
-meth and amphetamine caused increased aggression/low fearfulness (GOOD)
how was amphetamine used in war? what was it known as?
used by 8th Air Force
to reduce fearfulness, and increase aggression
use particularly with bomber planes (very dangerous and scary)
known as Benzadrine
how were amphetamine drugs repurposed back with civillians during WW2
Benzadrine tablets issued to soldiers were made available at slightly reduced dosages to civilians
increased confidence
new use for old drug
how did amphetamine drugs start getting into sports after the war?
soldiers are essentially athletes, and many were athletes before the war as well
returning soldiers had knowledge of amphetamines and would incorporate it into sporting events
