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Drugs 101 > Lecture 6 = Sports > Flashcards

Lecture 6 = Sports Flashcards

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1
Q

have attitudes surrounding drugs always been negative?

A

no

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2
Q

ben johnson

A

responsible to changing attitudes towards drugs in sports to being negative

won 100m dash, but stripped of gold medal when tested positive for drug

used stanozolol invented by John Manson

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3
Q

Mark McGwire (1990s)

A

McGwire and Sosa competed to win home run record in 1990s

McGwire run but achievement gained because he took drugs - which there were no restrictions against

media made big deal out of it

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4
Q

Barry Bonds

A

great player, but was associated with company Alco

Alco was associated with famous drug doping scandal

never proven he had taken anything - but no team wanted one

holds most career home run record

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5
Q

Marion Jones

A

associated with same scandal as Barry Bonds (same company)

lied to court saying she never took drugs - evidence said differently

pleaded guilty and was stripped of medals and spent 6 months in jail

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6
Q

describe attitudes around drugs in ancient greek olympics

A

drugs were encouraged

people wanted athletes to be the best they could be

don’t know what drugs people took - athletes wanted to keep secret to prevent competitors from finding out

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7
Q

what drink did Zulu warriors consume to prepare for battle

A

dop - alcoholic drink

associated with courage and aggression

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8
Q

what did English refer to Zulu drink as? what did Afrikaans refer to Zulu drink as?

A

dope (English)

doop (Afrikaans)

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9
Q

why did people dope racehorses in England 100 years ago?

A

people raced horses as sporting event + would bet money

if lots of people bet on horse, you would make less money.

if fewer people bet on horse, you would make more money

people tried to fix races by drugging horses to make them slower - so underdog would win and people would win money

drug tests started to be performed on horses

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10
Q

describe the very first drug tests

A

done on horses because people were fixing horse races by doping horses

saliva was collected and chemical tests were ran to test for drugs

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11
Q

what are common examples of endurance drugs? which ones actually work

A

caffeine
cocaine
alcohol
nitroglycerine (heart patients)
strychnine (rat poison - stimulant if right dose)

only nitro and stretch work

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12
Q

Thomas Hicks - Olympic Marathon (1906)

A

rough conditions for running (very high temps + no water)

collapsed multiple times + team gave him mixture of alcohol, egg whites and strychnine (stimulant)

kept collapsing but then consuming drink

won marathon + bragged about taking drugs

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13
Q

what does adrenaline do (discovered 1901)

A

makes you more aggressive/stronger

activates fight/flight response

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14
Q

what sport is notorious for use of adrenaline? what was attitude towards it

A

boxing

not ashamed - would go inject with drugs in the corner

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15
Q

is adrenaline good for sports?

A

no

not drug-like
short duration of action
has to be injected by IV (can be dangerous)

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16
Q

who discovered amphetamine and what was its purpose? (1929)

A

Gordon Alles in 1929

wanted to make a more user-friendly version of adrenaline

created artificial version of adrenaline (same core structure) and called it amphetamine

injected self with it (people would experiment on family members)

had trouble figuring out what it could be used for - originally decongestant

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17
Q

what are the benefits of amphetamine

A

drug-like

can be administered in pill form

will last longer in body than adrenaline

18
Q

what was the original purpose of amphetamine

A

decongestant

first nasal decongestant

sold as cold medication for 10 years

19
Q

what was the first noticed side effect of amphetamine

A

kept you awake

20
Q

what did Germans do in WW2 to stay awake/alert for Blitzkrieg? what was main ingredient in drug?

A

produced performance enhancing pills called Pervitin tablets

enhanced endurance and allowed soldiers to stay awake

contained methamphetamine

21
Q

how did allies discover Germans using methamphetamine and what tests did they run?

A

discovered in pilots uniforms
compared caffeine, methamphetamine, and amphetamine
- caffeine caused shakes/jitters
-meth and amphetamine caused increased aggression/low fearfulness (GOOD)

22
Q

how was amphetamine used in war? what was it known as?

A

used by 8th Air Force

to reduce fearfulness, and increase aggression

use particularly with bomber planes (very dangerous and scary)

known as Benzadrine

23
Q

how were amphetamine drugs repurposed back with civillians during WW2

A

Benzadrine tablets issued to soldiers were made available at slightly reduced dosages to civilians

increased confidence

new use for old drug

24
Q

how did amphetamine drugs start getting into sports after the war?

A

soldiers are essentially athletes, and many were athletes before the war as well

returning soldiers had knowledge of amphetamines and would incorporate it into sporting events

25
Q

describe first documented amphetamine use in sports?

A

1952 olympics - first amphetamine use

used among Norwegian speed skaters

26
Q

during what time were amphetamines popular in sports

A

50s-60s

27
Q

describe what happened to Knud Jensen at Rome Olympics in (1962)

A

cycling competition on hot day - still no water allowed, replaced by taking amphetamines

collapsed, but teammates continued to support

eventually got into accident and died

2nd person to ever die during olympics

fractured skull - indirectly related to amphetamines (took massive amounts)

28
Q

describe what happened to Tom Simpson at Tour de France in 1967

A

cycling race on mountain in France with no trees, just white rock, at very high temps

still no water

took lots of amphetamines and collapsed

died of heat stroke - but still indirectly related to amphetamines

29
Q

describe makeup of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

voluntary and involuntary regions

30
Q

describe the two regions of the involuntary section of the CNS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

31
Q

what is sympathetic involuntary nervous system associated with

A

fight/flight
increased heart/breathing rate
sending more blood to muscles
stress response
useful for athletes because increases athletic performance

32
Q

what is the parasympathetic involuntary nervous system associated with

A

rest/digest
maintenance
basic survival

33
Q

how does amphetamine initiate fight/flight response

A

mimics the chemical that carries information in the sympathetic nervous system

can artificially stimulate sympathetic NS to trigger fight/flight

34
Q

describe the danger of amphetamines

A

trigger fight/flight response that is not easy to shut off
- results in prolonged stress response
- bad for body

natural adrenaline rushes are short lived
- because prolonged causes harm

35
Q

when did the olympics restrict drug use?

A

1967

36
Q

when was first drug testing done at olympics? what drugs did they test and why were they banned

A

1968 - Grenoble olympics

sympaticomimetric amines (amphetamines)
CNS stimulants (strychnine)
narcotics (heroin and cocaine)
antidepressants
tranquilizers

banned because they were bad for health

37
Q

who was first person to lose medal for testing positive on drug test

A

Hans-Gunner Lilijenwall

had beer with lunch + tested positive

alcohol was not restricted - just tested positive for money

38
Q

what are steroids related to? how would people originally try to use them

A

male hormone testosterone

would inject themselves with bull testicle extract thinking it made them stronger

39
Q

what did Charles Eduard brown sequard do (1889)

A

injected self with dog testicles to increase sexual ability

believed that internal secretions (hormones) could be used as physiological regulators

came up with similar simibilus

40
Q

what is similar simibilus (doctrine of signatures)

A

involved treating an organ with itself
- heart for courage
- brain for idiocy
variety of other human sources

Drugs 101 (4 decks)

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