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KINE 2P09 - Final Exam Review > Lecture 8 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Function of the Respiratory System?

A

Load oxygen from environment to blood, and expel CO2 from the body
Regulate pH with the kidneys
Form speech
Protect against inhaled microbes

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2
Q

What is Inspiration?

A

The movement of air from the external environment through he airways into the alveoli

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3
Q

What is Expiration?

A

The movement of air from the alveoli to the external environment

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4
Q

What are the two zones below the Larynx?

A

Conducting Zone and Respiratory Zone

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5
Q

What is the principle functional component of the respiratory system?

A

The alveoli

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6
Q

Why do alveoli have such a large surface area?

A

to facilitate gas exchange faster and more efficiently

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7
Q

What are Alveoli?

A

Tiny hollow sacs that contain capillaries for gas exchange,

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8
Q

What surrounds the lungs?

A

Pleural sac filled with intrapleural fluid

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9
Q

What is internal and External respiration?

A

Internal = utilization of oxygen in the metabolism of organic molecules by cells
External = the exchange of oxygen and CO2 between an organism and its environment

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10
Q

What are the 5 stages of external respiration?

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. Gas exchange
  3. Gas transport
  4. Gas Exchange
  5. Cellular Respiration
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11
Q

What is Ventilation?

A

air moves by bulk flow from an area of high to low pressure

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12
Q

What is the pressure gradient for inspiration and expiration?

A

Inspiration = Alveolar pressure < Atmospheric Pressure
Expiration = Alveolar Pressure > atmospheric Pressure

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13
Q

What is Transpulmonary Pressure and How does it work?

A

The driving outward force on the lungs(larger)
- it is the difference between alveolar and intrapleural space pressure

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14
Q

Why would cause the Lungs to collapse and why do they not?

A

If transpulmonary Pressure = 0, the lungs would collapse, therefore transpulmonary Pressure is always a positive number
- Alveolar Pressure > Intrapleural pressure

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15
Q

What two factors create a vacuum in the intrapleural space?

A

Lungs tendency to get smaller + chest wall natural tendency to expand

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16
Q

What drives inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals
- cause thoracic cavity to enlarge -> decreases intrapleural pressure -> increased transpulmonary pressure -> lung expansion

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17
Q

What drives expiration?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
- thoracic cavity gets smaller -> increased intrapleural pressure -> decreased transpulmonary pressure -> recoil of the lungs

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18
Q

What is Tidal Volume?

A

The air that is normally inspired and expired

19
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume?

A

The additional amount of air we can inspire after normal inspiration

20
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?

A

The additional amount of air that can be expired after normal expiration

21
Q

What is Residual Volume?

A

The amount of air left after a maximal expiration

22
Q

What is the Total Lung Capacity?

A

Total Lung Capacity is ~5 700mL

23
Q

What is Pulmonary Ventilation? What is the equation?

A

Total ventilation per minute
- Pulmonary VE = Tidal Volume(mL) x Respiratory rate(breaths/minute)

24
Q

What is Anatomical Dead Space?

A

The Volume of air that does not take place in gas exchange

25
Q

What is Alveolar Ventilation?

A

Less than Pulmonary VE due to anatomical Dead space
- Alveolar VE = (tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate

26
Q

What has the greatest effect on alveolar VE?

A

Increasing tidal volume(breathing depth) will increase alveolar VE more than breathing faster.
- this is due to reducing the proportion of air that is in the anatomical dead space(which is a fixed amount)

27
Q

What is Partial Pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by a single gas (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide) in air

28
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the individual pressures of each gas

29
Q

How does Pressure of gases affect diffusion?

A

Net diffusion of a gas is from a region of high partial pressure to a region of low partial pressure.

30
Q

What are the concentrations of the atmospheric gases(O, N, CO2)

A

O = 21%
N = 79%
CO2 = 0.03%

31
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

amount of gas dissolved in liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in the environment
- gas from the air will dissolve in liquid
- at equilibrium, gas partial pressure will be equal between liquid and air

32
Q

What is the Atmospheric and Alveolar Gas partial pressure of O2?

A

Atmospheric PO2 = 160 mmHg
Alveolar PO2 = 105 mmHG

33
Q

What is the atmospheric and Alveolar Gas Partial pressures of CO2?

A

Atmospheric PCO2 = 0.2mmHg
Alveolar PCO2 = 40 mmHg

34
Q

Why is Alveolar PO2 less than Atmospheric PO2?

A

This is due to oxygen leaving the alveoli to enter the capillaries. Therefore, some of the total oxygen is leaving.

35
Q

Why is Alveolar PCO2 greater than Atmospheric PCO2?

A

This is due to CO2 diffusing into the alveoli from the blood during gas exchange. Therefore, adding to the total amount of CO2 from the atmosphere.

36
Q

When does diffusion between alveoli and Blood stop?

A

Once they reach an equilibrium of partial pressure of O2 and CO2.

37
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A

Small amount is dissolved in the plasma
Majority is bound to hemoglobin in erythrocyte

38
Q

How is hemoglobin made up? (the Structure)

A

Made up of 4 subunits
- each subunit consists of one heme group and a polypeptide attached to the heme group
- in total, 4 heme groups and 4 polypeptides
- each heme group contains 1 molecule of iron
- each iron molecule can bind one oxygen molecule
Therefore, each hemoglobin can bind 4 molecules of O2

39
Q

What contribute to Blood PO2?

A

It is not the O2 attached to hemoglobin, it is the blood that is diffused into the plasma. Most O2 is attached to Hemoglobin, therefore, PO2 will remain lower than alveolar PO2 until blood is 100% saturated with O2.

40
Q

How does increasing blood temperature affect the oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

Increasing blood temperature causes the curve to shift tot he right, meaning hemoglobin will release oxygen easier
- important during exercise as the muscles need lots of oxygen

41
Q

What are the fates of CO2 when in the blood?

A

10% dissolved in plasma
25-30% bounds to Hb to form carbaminohemoglobin
60-65% is converted to bicarbonate

42
Q

What controls breathing?

A

The Medulla respiratory Centre in the brainstem contains the neurons used to innervate respiratory muscles.

43
Q

What are chemorecpetors? Where are they found? What do they detect?

A

Chemoreceptors send signals to medullary respiratory neurons to control ventilation.
They are found in the carotid arteries and aorta.
They detect changes in blood oxygen, CO2 and H+ concentrations

44
Q

What are the two populations of chemoreceptors?

A

Central Chemoreceptors - in the medulla, detect changes in H+
Peripheral Chemoreceptors - carotid sinuses and aortic arch, detect changes in PO2 and H+

KINE 2P09 - Final Exam Review (4 decks)

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