Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

KINE 2P09 - Final Exam Review > Lecture 6 - Cardiovascular Physiology Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Cardiovascular Physiology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Function and Purpose of the Cardiovascular System

A

The circulatory system facilitates transport of oxygen and nutrient-rich to active cells and transport of byproducts of metabolism away from cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system

A

Blood, Heart, Arteries, Capillaries, veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the components of blood

A

Formed elements = erythrocytes and Leukocytes
Cell Fragments = Platelets
Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Hematocrit? What are the key values for males and females.

A

Measures the % of total blood volume comprised by erythrocytes
45% in males, 42% in females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is plasma mostly comprised of?
What is the purpose of plasma?

A

Mostly water (>90%(
Carries ions, nutrients, waste, gases, hormones and plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is serum(hint: has to do with plasma)

A

Plasma with fibrinogen and other clotting proteins removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are erythrocytes produced? What is the precursor cell?

A

Produced in red bone marrow
Precursor cell = reticulocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Design of RBCs

A

No nucleus, few organelles, no ribosomes or mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the functions of RBCs

A

Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

an iron containing protein that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide
major role in gas transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Do RBCs reproduce? How long do they last? Where are they destroyed?

A

Do not divide and reproduce
Last ~120 days
Destroyed in spleen and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are RBCs concave in shape?

A

To increase surface area for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is required for production of RBCs?

A

Iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Erythropoiesis? What is it regulated by?

A

Erythropoiesis: Production of erythrocytes
Regulated by the hormone erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two different types of circulation?

A

Pulmonary Circulation - carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle -> lungs -> left atrium
Systemic Circulation - carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle -> all organs and tissues of the body -> right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk, Conduit Arteries, capillaries and veins

A

Aorta - large artery that the left ventricle pumps blood into
Pulmonary Trunk - large artery that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs; right ventricle pumps blood into it
Conduit Arteries - smaller arteries that deliver blood to different systemic regions(femoral artery)
Capillaries - key site of nutrient/gas/waste exchange between blood and tissues
Veins - carry blood to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is microcirculation?

A

Vessels that interact with organs, tissues and cell
contains series of branching and progressively smaller arterioles and capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Flow of blood through circulation - what is critical for flow direction?

A

Cardiac valves and pressure gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the key points for resting blood flow to systemic circulation? Cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = 5L/min
majority of blood goes to the kidneys/abdominal organs
brain receives 13%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is hemodynamics?

A

Relationship between blood pressure, blood flow and resistance to blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the equation of Ohm’s law with blood flow?

A

Blood flow = ΔP / R
ΔP - pressure difference
R - resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does Blood flow change with pressure differential bewteen two points?

A
  • blood flow increases as pressure differential increases
  • Blood Flow decreases as pressure differential decreases
  • if pressure doubles, blood flow will double
    (when resistance stays the same)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does Blood Flow change with resistance?

A

Blood flow decreases as vascular resistance increases
Blood flow increases as vascular resistance decreases
(with same pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
When does vascular resistance increase?
When vessel length increases Blood viscosity increases Vessel radius decreases
26
What is the most important factor affecting vascular resistance?
Vessel radius this is because in Poiseuille's Law, radius is held to the 4th power
27
What is the resistance equation(simplified). What does this mean?
R = 1 / r^4 - small changes in vessel radius produce large changes in vascular resistance
28
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
Left and right atria and ventricles
29
What are the valves of the heart and where are they located?
Atrioventricular Valves - allow blood blood from the atria to ventricles - Tricuspid Valve - right side of heart
30
What are the valves of the heart and where are they located?
Atrioventricular Valves - allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles - Tricuspid Valve - right side of the heart - Bicuspid Valve - Left Side of Heart Pulmonary Semilunar Valve - allows blood to flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk/arteries Aortic Semilunar valve - Allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the aorta
31
Layers of the Heart
Pericardium - fibrous sac surrounding and protecting the heart Epicardium - closely affixed to the heart Myocardium - layer of cardiac muscle cells Endothelium - sing cell layer of endothelial cells in contact with blood
32
How does the heart exchange nutrients and waste?
Via the coronary arteries that branch off the aorta
33
What enables the spread of action potentials between cardiac cells?
Gap Junctions
34
What does the conduction system of the heart do?
it is responsible for initiation and spread of cardiomyocyte depolarization which leads to contraction
35
What is the pathway of the conducting system?
SA node -> Internodal pathways -> AV node -> bundle of His -> right and left bundle branches -> purkinje fibres
36
Function and location of the SA node
Origin of depolarization pacemaker for heart rate left and right atria contract simultaneously Located at the right atrium
37
Function of the internodal pathways
relays action potentials between SA and AV nodes
38
AV node function
links the depolarization at the atria to ventricular depolarization responsible for ventricular excitation
39
Why do the atria and ventricles not contract at the same time?
The AV node conducts action potentials slowly(0.1s delay) allowing atrial contraction to finish before ventricular contraction starts
40
Function of the bundle of His
Carries the action potential down the intraventricular septum
41
Function of the Bundle branches
Split into a right and left branch at the bottom of the heart and enter the walls of the ventricles
42
Function of the purkinje fibres
a branching network that allows depolarization to spread rapidly through the heart Ventricles depolarize simultaneously beginning at the bottom of heart
43
What is an ECG and what is the function?
An electrocardiogram - used to examine electrical events in the heart - reflects the spread of currents from the simultaneous depolarization of many cardiac cells
44
What are the different sections of the ECG and what do they represent?
P wave - atrial Depolarization QRS complex - 0.15s after p wave, ventricular depolarization T wave - ventricular repolarization
45
What are the two types of action potentials in the heart?
1. action potential in myocardial cells 2. action potentials in nodal cells
46
What are the major features of the nodal cell action potentials?
- No steady resting membrane potential - slow depolarization phase(pacemaker potential) that brings membrane potential potential to threshold causing an action potential - no plateau phase
47
What cause the pacemaker potential?
- progressive reduction in K+ permeability due to gradual closure of K+ channels - F-type Na channels that open when the membrane is negative allowing Na influx - Brief opening of T-type Ca+ channels allowing Ca influx
48
What is the difference between L-type and T-type Ca channels?
L-type channels are open longer during the action potential T-Type channels are only open briefly to support diastolic depolarization
49
What causes the action potential and repolarization?
Opening of L-type Ca channels brings the membrane to threshold. Repolarization is caused by the closing of the L-type Ca channel and the opening of the K+ channels allowing K+ efflux
50
Resting heart rate should be ~100 bpm. Why is the resting HR slower than this?
Due to parasympathetic neural influence
51
What is partial repolarization in myocardial cell action potential caused by?
caused by transient opening of one subtype of K+ channel opening allowing K+ efflux
52
What is the depolarization plateau? What causes this?
membrane potential sits around 0mV for a prolonged period Caused by reduction in K+ permeability and a large increase in Ca permeability. Ca influx = K efflux
53
What are the two major phases of the cardiac cycle?
Systole - corresponds to ventricular contraction and blood ejection Diastole - corresponds to ventricular relaxation and blood filling
54
What are the 2 phases within the systolic phase?
Isovolumetric ventricular contraction - ventricles contract without changing length, to build pressure while valves are closed Ventricular ejection - ventricular pressure exceeds pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk - aortic and pulmonary valves open
55
What is the Stroke volume?
Volume of blood ejected from the ventricles
56
What are the 3 phases of Diastole?
Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation - ventricles relax but AV valves are still closed Ventricular filling phse 1 - AV valves open and blood flows from atria to ventricles passively with no atrial contraction Ventricular Filling phase 2 - AV valves open and atria contracts to assist with ventricular filling
57
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood each ventricle pumps out over time(L/min) Cardiac output = HR x Stroke volume
58
What is the average resting cardiac output?
5L/min
59
What kind kind of innervation does the heart receive?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
60
What does the sympathetic nervous system innervate on the heart? What does it do?
Innervates the whole heart Releases norepinephrine which binds to beta-adrenergic receptors increases heart rate and stroke volume
61
What does the parasympathetic nervous system innervate on the heart? What does it do?
Innervates the atria only releases acetylcholine, which binds to muscarinic receptors Reduces heart rate
62
What is chronotropy?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems exert chronotropic effects on heart by altering SA node action potential
63
How do sympathetic and parasympathetic alterations look on a graph?
Sympathetic - increased slope of pacemaker potential, faster depolarization, HR increases, steeper upstroke Parasympathetic - decreases slop of pacemaker potential, slower depolarization, HR decreases, flatter upstroke
64
What 3 factors affect ventricular contraction and stroke volume?
Preload - changing end-diastolic volume Inotropic effects of sympathetic nerves - changing force of contraction Afterload - changing the pressure opposing ejection
65
What is preload and how does it affect stroke volume?
More blood fills the heart during diastole, more blood will be ejected during systole
66
Inotropic Effects of Sympathetic nerves
sympathetic nerves increase norepinephrine and epinephrine levels, they bind to beta-adrenergic receptors The receptors activate intracellular pathways that increase intracellular Ca Greater intracellular Ca levels increase cardiac contractility
67
What is afterload?
Increased arterial pressure reduces stroke volume because there is greater opposition to the ventricular ejection of blood

KINE 2P09 - Final Exam Review (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions