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Developmental PSYC213 > Lecture 8: physical, cognitive and psychosocial development in adolescence > Flashcards

Lecture 8: physical, cognitive and psychosocial development in adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Adolescence

Aus Indigenous vs Modern Western cultures

A
  • Period from about age 12-18 years
  • Traditional Indigenous Australians
  • Initiation at puberty
  • Abrupt social role change to adult
  • Modern Western cultures
  • Period of gradual transition

• Coming-of-age

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2
Q

Puberty

Primary sex characteristics

Secondary sex characterisitcs

gonadotrophin

A

Primary sex characteristics

• Development of sex organs

Secondary sex characteristics
• External/physiological changes/signs of sexual maturation

Release of gonadotrophin stimulates

  • Male testes to increase testosterone
  • Female ovaries to increase oestrogen
  • Both sexes produce both hormones but to different levels
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3
Q

Variations in Timing of Puberty

Environmental factors

Amennorrhea

A

Largely genetically determined

Environmental factors include:

  • Nutrition
  • Underweight delays puberty

• Obesity accelerates puberty

Amenorrhoea

• Associated with extreme weight loss or malnutrition

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4
Q

Non-Normative Puberty: Males

Early maturing

Late maturing

A

Early maturing males

  • Have opportunities for leadership and higher social status with peers
  • Academic, emotional, and behavioural problems, but these might be short-lived

Late maturing males

  • Negative impact on esteem short-lived
  • Develop positive qualities (e.g., insight)
  • Less pressure to engage in risk behaviours
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5
Q

Non-Normative Puberty: Females

Early maturing

Late maturing

A

Early maturing females

  • Negative long- and short-term effects
  • Premature dating and sexual encounters
  • Vulnerable to STIs, eating disorders, smoking and drinking, depression, anxiety, poor academic achievement
  • Related to family environment

Late maturing females

  • Lower peer status, but generally more positive outcomes
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6
Q

Adolescent Obesity

A
  • 25% Australian adolescents are overweight or obese
  • Rate of obesity doubled between 1985 and 1995

Associated health risks:

  • High blood pressure, respiratory disease, orthopaedic disorders, diabetes
  • Psychosocial consequences
  • Causes complex
  • Combination of genetics and environment
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7
Q

Body Image

A
  • How one believes one looks
  • Concern most intense during adolescence
  • Pattern is more intense with females
  • Normal increase in girls’ body fat
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8
Q

Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • Involves self-starvation
    • Loss of 25-50% of original body weight
    • Less than 85% normal weight for age
  • Found across cultures and over time
  • Distorted body image – belief they are fat
  • Constant dieting and exercising
  • May cause irregularity/cessation of menstruation
  • Often good students and “perfectionists”
  • Family dynamics: very involved mothers, emotionally absent fathers
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9
Q

Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa

A

• Bingeing and undoing of caloric intake on regular basis

“Undo” calories by:
• Self-induced vomiting

  • Excessive exercise
  • Laxatives or enemas
  • Diuretics
  • Dieting

Linked with depression and low self-esteem

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10
Q

Treatment of Anorexia and Bulimia

A
  • Immediate goal is to get patient to eat and gain weight
  • Patients may be hospitalised if severely malnourished
  • Behaviour therapy – reward eating
  • Cognitive therapy – change body image

• Institutional settings and family therapy

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11
Q

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

A
  • Syphilis, gonorrhoea, genital lice, scabies, chlamydia, herpes, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS
  • May result in infertility, life-threatening complications
  • Abstinence the only complete prevention, but practicing ‘safer sex’ may be more achievable
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12
Q

Australian Statistics STIs

A

ABS (2008) for the whole population:

  • STIs the most commonly reported communicable diseases, accounting for 43% of all notifications, followed by vaccine preventable diseases (21%), and gastrointestinal diseases (17%)
  • Chlamydia was the most common STI (58,515 notifications, 84% of total STIs)
  • The average number of new HIV cases from 2004 – 2008 was 984 per year
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13
Q

Drug Use and Abuse

Substance abuse

Addiction

A
  • Experimentation
    • Substance use
  • Habitual use
    • Substance abuse
      • Harmful use of alcohol or other drugs
    • Addiction
      • Can be psychological or physiological
      • Especially dangerous for adolescents because of changing brain structures
    • Tolerance
    • Short- and long-term health threats
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14
Q

Alcohol Use and Abuse

A
  • Significant proportion engage in regular use of alcohol
  • Binge drinking: consecutive consumption of 5- 7+ drinks in less than 2hrs
  • Associated with accidental death and injury, interpersonal violence, suicide
  • Health and social problems
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15
Q

Tobacco

Primary and secondary prevention

A
  • Nicotine highly addictive
  • As few as 10 cigarettes can establish psychological and physical dependency

• Primary prevention

• Advertising, tax impost, bans

• Secondary prevention
• Life-skills and decision-making training

• ‘Immunisation’ against substance abuse

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16
Q

Piaget Formal Operational

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Propositional reasoning

A

• Move from concrete to formal operational thought

• Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

• Systematic, scientific approach

• Propositional reasoning
• Making logical inferences
• May apply to premises that are not factually true

• Understand validity of logic

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17
Q

Individual Differences in Formal Operational Thinking

A
  • Piaget assumed horizontal décalage – formal operations found in some domains but not others
  • Achievement of formal operations overestimated
    • Only half achieve full operational thought, some never achieve it
    • Influenced by sociocultural context
  • Post-formal thinking – formal operations used as a problem solving tool for ambiguous problems
18
Q

Impact of Formal Operations

A
  • Become more critical of adult authority and can argue more skillfully
  • Better able to understand philosophical and abstract topics at school
  • May become more judgemental about perceived short-comings of social systems
  • May try to apply logic to bigger, more complex problems such as world peace – may appear naive
19
Q

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Reasoning

A
  • preconventional
  • conventional
  • postconventional
20
Q

Concerns About Kohlberg’s Theory

A
  • Scoring procedures not sufficiently objective or consistent
  • Content of dilemmas too narrow
  • Dilemmas not aligned with real-life
  • No distinction between moral knowledge and social conventions
  • Gender and culture bias
21
Q

Gilligan’s Ethics of Care Model

A

female moral reasoning

22
Q

Morality in Adolescence

A

• Kohlberg claimed moral reasoning a good predictor of moral behaviour

  • The correlation is fairly modest though
  • May be a gap between reasoning and actual behaviour
  • The development of moral self-relevance may be important
  • Integration of morality into self-concept may have impact on behaviour
23
Q

Adolescence and Identity Formation

A

• Traditionally a time of turbulence, now a period of transition

Three stages:
• Early (11-13yrs)
• Middle (14-16yrs)

• Late (17-18yrs)

• Identity issues are central – questions of identity arising from cognitive and hormonal changes; awakening sexual interest; normative societal expectations; vocational expectations

24
Q

Erikson: Identity Formation

A

• THE major task of adolescence

  • Successful identity formation necessary for future development of friendships and intimate relationships
  • Struggle to become an adult with unique sense of self and role in society
  • Individuals must achieve balance – identity an ongoing life project
25
Q

Process of Identity Formation

A
  • Content of identity contains multiple aspects
  • Identity achieved through exploration and experimentation with various domains
  • Identity evaluation important within the process of experimentation
  • Psychological moratorium
  • May take “developmental time out”, e.g., a gap year
26
Q

Resolving Erikson’s Identity Crisis

A

Successful resolution leads to the virtue of “fidelity”:

• Feelings of belonginess to friends or family

  • Identification with a set of values
  • Sustained loyalty and faith
  • Able to trust oneself

The danger is identity confusion
• Some degree of confusion is normal

27
Q

Marcia: Identity Status Model

A
28
Q

Factors Affecting Identity Formation

A

• Gender: studies have mixed findings; gender role may be more important than gender per se

• Peers: increasing importance of influence during adolescence

• Parents: identity diffusion associated with lack of parental support, warmth, and open communication

  • *• Personality:** bidirectional relationship
  • *• Societal and cultural factors:** ethnic identity
29
Q

Development of Self

Personal fabel

Imaginary audience

A
  • Self-concept becomes more complex and abstract reflecting formal operational thought
  • Increased skills in perspective taking
  • Adolescent egocentrism

• Personal fable (i.e., belief adolescent’s life embodies special story that is heroic/unique; no-one else understands them)

• Imaginary audience (i.e., adolescent egocentrism - group of followers exist who constantly watch and judge their every move)

  • Recognise inconsistencies of self
  • Interpreted as differences between ‘true’ and ‘false’ selves
30
Q

Self-Esteem

A
  • Global self-esteem
  • Overall view and evaluation of self

• Decreases in adolescence associated with

  • Transitions, stresses and challenges of adolescence and school
  • More realistic self-appraisals

• Authoritative parenting enhances self- esteem; authoritarian parenting reduces it

31
Q

Gender Differences in Self-Esteem

A
  • Girls’ self-esteem declines twice as much as boys’ during adolescence
  • May be associated with girls’ greater concern for body image
  • Sex-role effects may also be important
  • Girls more vulnerable to negative aspects of opposite-sex friendships

• Romantic relationships more likely to enhance boys’ self-esteem

32
Q

Family Relationships during Adolescence

Parent-child

A
  • Adolescent parent-child relationships
  • Based on those established in childhood
  • Become more egalitarian
  • Adolescents increase self-regulation; seek control, choice, and autonomy
  • Parenting styles, gender and culture
  • Behavioural vs. psychological control
  • Parental monitoring
33
Q

Parent-Child Conflict

A
  • Conflict may arise from:
    • Discrepancies between expectations of responsibilities and freedoms
    • Views on appropriate and inappropriate behaviour
    • Everyday issues
  • Conflict more common in early adolescence than later
  • Less than 10% of families experience significant intergenerational conflict
34
Q

Reasons for Intergenerational Conflict

A
  • A lack of understanding of the viewpoint and challenges of a different age group
  • A lack of respect for a different age group
  • Intolerance by parents of adolescents’ behaviour
  • Resentment of parents’ power and restrictions by adolescents
35
Q

Adolescent Friendships

A
  • Based on mutuality and intimacy and appreciate each other’s uniqueness
  • Complementarity is important – different strengths provide mutual benefit
  • Benefits of adolescent friendships:
  • Source of social and emotional support
  • Help to promote autonomy
  • Help in defining a sense of self
36
Q

Romantic Relationships

A
  • Dating considered to be recreational, fun, separate from ‘courting’ function
  • Follow a dating script, based on gender roles
  • Early relationships less enduring and more superficial
  • Cultural differences relate to age for dating
  • Relationships for homosexual adolescents more difficult
37
Q

Sexual Behaviour

A
  • Average age at first intercourse – 16 years
  • Age is decreasing
  • Concern about HIV/AIDS
  • Transition to coitus depends on motivation, social

controls, attractiveness (Udry & Billy, 1987)

  • Access to contraception changed attitudes
  • Permissiveness with affection
  • Double standard
  • Premarital sex permitted for males, but not for females
  • Cultural differences in attitudes to sexual behaviour
38
Q

Sexual Orientation

A
  • Sexual orientation
  • Continuum from exclusively homosexual to exclusively heterosexual
  • Some identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual
  • Individuals identify their minority sexual orientation
  • Self-labelling
  • Disclosure
39
Q

Difficulties for Non-Heterosexual Adolescents

Factors determining sexual orientation

A
  • Achieving personal identity more difficult
  • May experience rejection from family, school, religious groups
    • Feel isolated in a hostile environment
  • Risk depression and suicide
    • No association between homosexual orientation and emotional or social problems
    • …apart from those caused by societal treatment of homosexuals
  • Factors determining sexual orientation
    • Biological and genetic predisposition
    • Possible role of prenatal hormone – no definitive evidence
40
Q

Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood

A
  • Adolescent pregnancy:
  • Australian rate – 17 per 1000
  • Options: keep baby, terminate, adopt
  • Reaction depends on:
  • Self-esteem, feelings about school
  • Relationship with baby’s father
  • Relationship with and support from parents

• Peers who are parents

41
Q

Consequences and Risks of Teenage Pregnancy

A
  • More prenatal and birth complications:
    • Prematurity and low birth-weight
    • Fetal, neonatal or infant death
  • Possible negative outcomes for children of teen mothers:
    • Health and academic problems
    • Abuse and neglect
    • Developmental disabilities
  • Teen mothers less likely to:
    • Complete education, have stable well-paying job, enter secure marriage, achieve above average income
  • Teen fathers less negatively affected
    • Have early contact with baby, but declines over time
42
Q
A

Developmental PSYC213 (11 decks)

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