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Neurology and Neuroscience (Bioregulatory Systems) > Lecture 8: Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

A

nerves (cranial and spinal) and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What can the PNS be divided into?

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

Which nerves carry information towards the CNS?

A

sensory afferent nerves

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4
Q

Which nerves carry information away from the CNS?

A

motor efferent nerves

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5
Q

What are the peripheral nerves?

A
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves

- 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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6
Q

What do somatic afferent nerves convey information from?

A
  • skin
  • skeletal muscle
  • joints
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7
Q

What do somatic efferent nerves convey information to?

A

skeletal muscles

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8
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

an area of skin that is supplied by a single spinal nerve

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9
Q

What is a myotome?

A

group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

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10
Q

Where do visceral afferent nerves carry information from?

A

the viscera (thoracic, abdominal and pelvic organs)

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11
Q

What can visceral efferent nerves be divided into?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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12
Q

What do sympathetic efferent nerves innervate?

A

the viscera (organs) and periphery (vasculature and sweat glands)

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13
Q

What do parasympathetic efferent nerves innervate?

A

the viscera (organs) only

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14
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A collection of cell bodies outside the CNS

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15
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

A collection of cell bodies inside the CNS

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16
Q

What is a plexus?

A

A network of interconnecting nerves

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17
Q

All afferent (somatic and visceral) fibres have their cell bodies…?

A

In spinal ganglia

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18
Q

Where do visceral efferent nerves synapse?

A

In a peripheral ganglion

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19
Q

How are peripheral nerves arranged?

A

In fasciculi: 3 layers of connective tissue

  • external vascular layer = epineurium
  • individual fascicles covered in perineurium
  • individual axons covered in endoneurium
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20
Q

What are the 2 ways in which peripheral nerves can be classified?

A
  • conduction velocity (A,B and C, A= fastest)

- axonal diameter (sensory only, uses roman numeral I-IV - with I as largest diameter)

21
Q

What can sensory receptors detect?

A

external or internal information

22
Q

How can sensory receptors be classified?

A

By source of stimulus or by mode of detection

23
Q

Name some external and internal sensory receptors.

A

EXTERNAL: exteroceptors = pain, temp, touch, pressure
INTERNAL:
- proprioceptors = movement, joint position
- enteroceptors = movement through gut, blood pH

24
Q

Name some receptors classified by mode of detection.

A
  • chemoreceptors
  • photoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • nociceptors
25
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

detector molecules which bind to receptor e.g. in olfactory bulb

26
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

detect light in retina

27
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

detect temp in skin

28
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

mechanical opening of ion channels e.g. touch receptors in skin

29
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

detect tissue damage, interpreted as pain (nut not interchangeable with pain)

30
Q

What do proprioceptors detect?

A
  • muscle spindles: detect changes in muscles length
  • Golgi tendon organs: detect changes in tension in tendons
  • joint receptors: found in joint capsules - detect start and end of movement
31
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

specialised synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fibre

32
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

a single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibres that it innervates - smallest functional unit with which to produce force

33
Q

What happens when you stimulate one motor unit?

A

all the muscle fibres in that unit contract

34
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

an involuntary coordinated pattern of muscle contraction and relaxation elicited by peripheral stimuli

35
Q

What do visceral sensory nerves do?

A
  • relay sensory info from core
  • pain, fullness, blood pressure
  • T1-L2, S2-S4 and cranial nerves IX and X
36
Q

What do visceral motor nerves do?

A
  • outflow to core and body wall
  • controls pupils, sweat glands, salivary glands, heart muscle, airways
  • thoracolumbar (T1-L2) and craniosacral outflow (cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X)
37
Q

Where does sympathetic outflow go to?

A

the organs and to the skin

38
Q

Where are the pre-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system?

A

in the spinal cord

39
Q

What path generally do the pre-ganglionic neurons take?

A

They come out and go into the sympathetic trunks

40
Q

What are the sympathetic trunks?

A

Trunks that run alongside the spinal cord but are outside the vertebral column, within the chest

41
Q

Why do the sympathetic trunks have enlargements?

A

Due to the post-ganglionic neurons

42
Q

What do white ramus communicans do?

A

carry preganglionic sympathetic fibres from spinal nerves to sympathetic ganglia

43
Q

What do gray ramus communicans do?

A

carry postganglionic sympathetic fibres from the sympathetic ganglia to the spinal nerves

44
Q

What are communicans?

A

small branches containing myelinated or unmyelinated nerves

45
Q

Where do pre-ganglionic neurons going to the heart or skin synapse?

A

in sympathetic trunk

46
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic trunk?

A

to send post-ganglionic nerves up to the head or arms or down into limbs

47
Q

What is the cardiac plexus?

A

The cardiac plexus is a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart. It is formed by cardiac branches derived from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

48
Q

Where does the pre-ganglionic nerve synapse if it is going to the viscera?

A

in the pre-aortic ganglia (synapse occurs on front of aorta)

49
Q

What is different between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in terms of what they innervate?

A

parasympathetic only innervates core but sympathetic innervates core and periphery

Neurology and Neuroscience (Bioregulatory Systems) (10 decks)

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