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Neurology and Neuroscience (Bioregulatory Systems) > Lecture 7: Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A

Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem) and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the brain comprised of?

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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3
Q

What is the forebrain composed of?

A
  • cerebrum

- diencephalon

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4
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

posterior part of forebrain containing epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and ventral thalamus and the third ventricle.

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5
Q

What is the hindbrain composed of?

A
  • pons
  • medulla
  • cerebellum
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6
Q

What is the brainstem composed of?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
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7
Q

What functions does the frontal lobe have?

A
  • regulating and initiating motor function
  • language
  • cognitive functions
  • executive function e.g. planning, multitasking
  • attention
  • memory
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8
Q

What functions does the parietal lobe have?

A
  • sensation (touch, pain)
  • sensory aspects of language,
  • spatial orientation
  • self-perception
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9
Q

What functions does the temporal lobe have?

A

processing auditory information

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10
Q

What functions does the occipital lobe have?

A

processing visual information

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11
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobe?

A

central sulcus

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12
Q

What separates the frontal and temporal lobe?

A

lateral fissure

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13
Q

What separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

parieto-occipital fissure

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14
Q

What is the limbic system/lobe?

A
  • Collection of nuclei involved in learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward
  • includes: amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, and cingulate gyrus
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15
Q

What is the insular cortex?

A
  • Lobe that lies deep within lateral fissure
  • concerned w/visceral sensations, autonomic control, and interoception, auditory processing, visual-vestibular integration
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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A
  • dura (thick, 2 layers)
  • arachnoid (thin, transparent, fibrous membrane)
  • pia (thin, translucent and mesh-like)
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17
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dura mater?

A
  • periosteal: layer of periosteum

- meningeal: durable, dense fibrous membrane

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18
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

In choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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19
Q

What space does CSF occupy?

A

ventricular system and sub-arachnoid space

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20
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed?

A

via arachnoid villi (granulations) into superior sagittal sinus

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21
Q

What is different between CSF and plasma?

A

CSF has lower pH, less glucose, less protein and potassium than plasma

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22
Q

What leaves each segment of the spinal cord?

A

a pair of mixed spinal nerves

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23
Q

Which spinal nerves are conveyed by the dorsal root?

A

sensory/afferent

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24
Q

Which spinal nerves are conveyed by the ventral root?

A

motor/efferent

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25
Q

What is a mixed spinal nerve?

A

afferent and efferent nerves bundled together

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26
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

A

swelling containing cell bodies of sensory nerve

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27
Q

What is grey matter?

A

collection of cell bodies (soma)

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28
Q

What is white matter?

A

tracts of axons

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29
Q

What is the posterior ramus?

A

smaller version of mixed spinal nerve that innervates muscles and skin down back of spine

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30
Q

What are do the dorsal and ventral roots split into?

A

dorsal rootlets and ventral rootlets

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31
Q

How is grey matter arranged in the spinal cord?

A

Shaped like butterfly with dorsal horn and ventral horn

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32
Q

What is the spinal cord composed of?

A

segments

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33
Q

What are the 5 areas of spinal cord?

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • coccygeal
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34
Q

How many segments are in the cervical section of the spinal cord?

A

8

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35
Q

How many segments are in the thoracic section of the spinal cord?

A

12

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36
Q

How many segments are in the lumbar section of the spinal cord?

A

5

37
Q

How many segments are in the sacral section of the spinal cord?

A

5

38
Q

How many segments are in the coccygeal section of the spinal cord?

A

1

39
Q

Where do the nerves emerge through?

A

intervertebral foramina

40
Q

Where does the relationship between nerves and foramina change?

A

cervical and thoracic regions

41
Q

Where do nerves C1-C7 emerge?

A

above vertebrae

42
Q

Where do nerves C8-Co1 emerge?

A

below vertebrae

43
Q

How many vertebrae do we have?

A

30

44
Q

How many pairs of nerves do we have in the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs

45
Q

What are intervertebral foramina?

A

gaps between vertebrae

46
Q

What is the cervical enlargement?

A

widened area of spinal cord that innervates upper limbs

47
Q

What is the lumbar enlargement?

A

widened area of spinal cord that innervates lower limbs

48
Q

What is the major pathway for voluntary movement?

A

the corticospinal tract

this is a major descending pathway

49
Q

What is the corticospinal tract composed of?

A

upper motor neurons in primary motor cortex and lower motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord

50
Q

What are the main pathways for sensation?

A
  • dorsal column pathway

- spinothalamic tract

51
Q

What is the dorsal column pathway for?

A

-fine touch, vibration and proprioception (position) from skin and joints

52
Q

What is the spinothalamic pathway for?

A
  • pain, temp and crude touch from skin
53
Q

How many sets do we have of each ascending and descending pathway?

A

2 sets, one on each hemisphere of brain

54
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

On the pre-central gyrus

55
Q

What is somatotopy?

A

representing areas on the brain by the region of the body they control (in terms of the systematic set of movements broadly similar in everyone)

56
Q

Where is the upper motor neurone located?

A

in the primary motor cortex

57
Q

Where is the lower motor neurone located?

A

in the spinal cord

58
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract control?

A

movement of limbs

59
Q

What does the anterior corticospinal tract control?

A

movements of axial muscles (of the trunk)

60
Q

What do most of the nerve fibres in a nerve tract do?

A

cross over in medulla (decussate)

61
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract?

A

The corticobulbar tract is a descending pathway responsible for innervating several cranial nerves, and runs in parallel with the corticospinal tract

62
Q

What are the brainstem motor tracts?

A
  • vestibulospinal
  • tectospinal
  • reticulospinal
  • rubrospinal
63
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract do?

A

provides information about head movement and position and mediates postural adjustments

64
Q

What does the tectospinal tract do?

A

orientation of head and neck during eye movements

65
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract do?

A

control of breathing and emotional motor function

66
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract do?

A

innervate lower motor neurons of the upper limb

67
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

in the post-central gyrus

68
Q

What are the 2 principal ascending pathways?

A
  • dorsal (posterior) column pathway

- spinothalamic pathway

69
Q

What are the functions of the dorsal column pathway?

A

mechanical:
- fine discriminative touch
- pressure
- vibration
- proprioception

70
Q

What is proprioception?

A

perception or awareness of the position and movement of the body.

71
Q

What are the functions of the spinothalamic pathway?

A

mechanical, chemical and thermal:

  • crude touch
  • pain
  • temp
72
Q

How do fibres enter the ascending dorsal column pathways?

A

fibres enter via the dorsal horn and enter the ascending dorsal column pathways

73
Q

How is information conveyed from lower limbs and body (below T6) by the dorsal column pathway?

A

travel ipsilaterally along gracile tract

74
Q

How is information conveyed from upper limbs and body (above T6) by the dorsal column pathway?

A

travel ipsilaterally along cuneate tract

75
Q

Where do the tracts synapse?

A

in the medulla

76
Q

Where is the first synapse of the gracile tract?

A

in the gracile nucleus

77
Q

Where is the first synapse of the cuneate tract?

A

in the cuneate nucleus

78
Q

Where do second order axons decussate?

A

in the caudal medulla

79
Q

What do the second order axons form?

A

contralateral medial lemniscus tract

80
Q

Where do the second order axons synapse?

A

in the thalamus

81
Q

Where do 3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to?

A

To the somatosensory cortex

82
Q

What is the size of somatotopic areas proportional to?

A

density of sensory receptors in that body region

83
Q

In which tract of the spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway do pain and temp sensations ascend?

A

within the lateral spinothalamic tract

84
Q

In which tract of the spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway does crude touch ascend?

A

within the anterior spinothalamic tract

85
Q

Where do the neurons synapse?

A

in dorsal horn

86
Q

Where do the primary afferent axons terminate?

A

upon entering the spinal cord

87
Q

Where do second order neurons immediately decussate?

A

in the spinal cord and form the spinothalamic tract

88
Q

Where do 2nd order neurons terminate?

A

in the thalamus

89
Q

Where do 3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to?

A

to the somatosensory cortex

Neurology and Neuroscience (Bioregulatory Systems) (10 decks)

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