Lecture 8: Morality, Religion, and Justice Flashcards
1
Q
preconventional moral reasoning [1]
A
- People interpret morality based on calculation of how much better/worse off they would be for acting in a certain way
2
Q
conventional moral reasoning [1]
A
- Viewing actions as moral to the extent they help maintain and facilitate the social order
3
Q
postconventional moral reasoning [1]
A
- Consideration of abstract principles of what’s right/wrong, + moral decisions based on logical extensions of those principles
4
Q
moral universalism [1]
A
- The same system of ethics applies universally; same moral standards apply across all people + cultures
5
Q
moral relativism [1]
A
- The same set of ethics doesn’t apply universally; morality can vary across people + cultures
6
Q
ethic of autonomy [1]
A
- Morality in terms of individual freedom + rights violations
7
Q
ethic of community [1]
A
- Individuals have duties that conform with their roles in a community/social hierarchy
8
Q
ethic of divinity [1]
A
- Preserve standards mandated by a transcendent authority + the “natural order” of things
9
Q
Moral Foundations Theory by Haidt & Joseph (2004) [9]
A
- Breaks down 3 ethics further
- Ethic of autonomy reflected in
- Care/Harm: cherishing and protecting others
- Fairness/Cheating: rendering justice according to shared rules
- Ethic of community reflected in
- Loyalty/Betrayal: standing with your group, family, nation
- Authority/Subversion: obeying tradition and legitimate authority
- Ethic of divinity reflected in
- Sanctity/Degradation: abhorrence for disgusting things, foods, actions
10
Q
video: TED Talk by Haidt [7]
A
- Differences in moral values across political liberals + conservatives
- Openness to experience influences ideology
- When people all share the same moral values, it promotes “team” mentality and shuts down open minded thinking
- Liberals: change, question authority, stand up for underprivileged
- Conservatives: stability, authority, even at the expense of those at the bottom
- In order to pursue to the truth, you shouldn’t be for or against anything?
- Not necessarily, just have to recognize we all think we’re right and check ourselves sometimes
11
Q
Feinberg & Willer (2015) [24]
(hint: liberal/conservative arguments)
A
- Do people tend to compose arguments based on their own moral values?
- Can arguments be reframed to appeal to the moral values of those supporting the opposing political position?
- Studies 1+2: Write a persuasive argument to convince other side about same-sex marriage (liberals) or making English the official language of the USA (conservatives)
- Coded statements to determine extent to which they fit with liberal/conservative moral rhetoric
- Participants mostly used language that fit with their own political rhetoric
- Study 3: Liberal + conservative Ps read article in support of universal health care framed about fairness vs. purity
- Measured support for universal healthcare and the Affordable Care Act
- Fairness: Liberals > Conservatives support
- Purity: Conservatives > Liberals support
- But Liberals still supported the ACA more overall
- Study 4: Liberal + conservative Ps read article in support of maintaining high levels of military spending framed about fairness vs. loyalty + authority
- Measured support for military spending
- Fairness: Conservatives > Liberals
- Loyalty + authority: Conservatives > Liberals; C support increased (non-significantly) while L support decreased
- Conservatives more in support of military spending in general
- Study 5: Liberal + conservative Ps read article in support of same-sex marriage framed about fairness vs. loyalty, or neutral article about history of skiing
- Measured moral fit + attitudes toward same-sex marriage
- Liberals more likely to support same-sex marriage overall
- Framing about loyalty significantly increased Conservative support
- Study 6: Liberal + conservative Ps completed measure of Moral Foundations, then read article about history of wearing ties (neutral), or making English the official language of the USA (fairness vs. control framing)
- Measured support for making English the official language
- Conservatives more likely to support this policy overall
- Liberal support increased from control → fairness framing
- Found same trend for people high in fairness morality vs. low
12
Q
Clark et al. (2017) [17]
(hint: intentionality)
A
- Does Indians’ heightened tendency to praise → attribute more intentionality to helpful actions vs. Americans?
- Study 1: Ps completed online survey; scenario: chairman making a new program to increase profits, side effects either helpful/harmful to environment
- Did chairman help/harm environment intentionally?
- All Ps less likely to attribute intention to chairman for helpful vs. harmful
- Indian Ps > USA to attribute intention for helpful
- Study 2: Replicated Study 1 with a neutral side effect condition
- Ps attribute intention for harmful > neutral > helpful
- No difference between India/USA for harmful + neutral
- Again, India Ps > USA to attribute intention for helpful
- Study 3: Replicated Study 2 + also asked how much blame/credit should be given to chairman
- Ps felt chairman deserved most blame/credit for harmful > neutral > helpful
- USA > India for deservingness of blame in harmful condition
- India > USA for deservingness in helpful condition
- Indians’ higher perceptions that helpful actor deserved moral credit for their higher attributions of intentionality
- Study 4: Replicated Study 3 + measured religiosity as potential mediator for Indian Ps
- Also significant indirect effect of country on intention attributions through religiosity
- Even controlling for religiosity, country remained marginally significant predictor of intention attributions
13
Q
principle of need [1]
A
- Resources are directed toward those who need them the most
14
Q
principle of equality [1]
A
- Resources should be shared equally among members
15
Q
principle of equity [1]
A
- Resources distributed based on an individual’s contributions
