Lecture 6: Multiculturalism

Question 1

acculturation (2)

Answer 1

• Changes that take place as a result of contact with culturally dissimilar people, groups, and social influences
• Process by which people migrate to and learn a culture that’s different from their original (or heritage) culture

Question 2

cultural maintenance (1)

Answer 2

• Preference for maintaining one’s own culture

Question 3

contact participation (1)

Answer 3

• Preference for having contact with and participating in larger society with other cultural groups

Question 4

four acculturation strategies (1)

Answer 4

Question 5

integrative strategy (4)

Answer 5

• Attempting to fit in and fully participate in host culture while striving to maintain traditions of one’s heritage culture
• Most common strategy
• Hypothesized to lead to lowest acculturative stress + most favourable outcomes
• Incorporates protective features: lack of prejudice, involvement in two cultural communities and having access to two support groups, clear ethnic identity, flexible personality allowing for this

Question 6

marginalization strategy (4)

Answer 6

• Negative views toward both heritage and host cultures
• Rare and theoretically puzzling
• Maybe something pursued by people who grew up in multiple cultures around their childhood and identify as more global citizens
• Most negative outcomes: weakened social support, loss of original culture

Question 7

assimilation strategy (1)

Answer 7

• Attempting to fit in and fully participate in host culture while making little/no effort to maintain traditions of one’s heritage culture

Question 8

separation strategy (2)

Answer 8

• Efforts to maintain traditions of heritage culture while making little or no effort to participate in host culture
• Often leads to rejection by the host culture

Question 9

How do host cultures react to immigrants? (1)

Answer 9

Question 10

meta-analysis (1)

Answer 10

• A statistical technique for combining effects across a number of different studies to increase power and get a more accurate estimate of the size of an effect

Question 11

Nguyen & Benet-Martínez (2012) (2)

(hint: meta-analysis)

Answer 11

• Meta-analysis on biculturalism (successful integration of two cultural identities) and adjustment (psychological and sociocultural)
• R = 0.51 → medium effect size, suggesting biculturalism → better adjustment

Question 12

cultural distance (1)

Answer 12

• How different heritage and host culture are in their overall ways of life → how much learning you have to do to fit in

Question 13

blending (1)

Answer 13

• Tendency for bicultural people to show psychological tendencies between their two cultures

Question 14

frame-switching (1)

Answer 14

• Tendency for bicultural people to switch between different cultural selves

Question 15

stereotype threat (1)

Answer 15

• Fear that one might do something that will inadvertently confirm a negative stereotype about one’s group

Question 16

Steele (2010) (5)

(hint: stereotype threat)

Answer 16

• Stereotype threat has been found across many domains:
• Verbal performance of Black participants
• Math abilities of female participants
• Athletic performance of White participants
• These effects may be attenuated if you remove the stereotype

Question 17

cultural appropriation (2)

Answer 17

• The adoption or use of elements of one culture by members of another culture (Wikipedia)
• When a member of a dominant cultural group adopts elements of a minority group’s culture to express a “unique” or “different” identity

Question 18

Fryberg, Markus, Oyserman, & Stone (2008) (13)

(hint: Native Americans)

Answer 18

• Native Americans shown stereotypical portrayals of Native Americans displayed lower self-esteem, less pride in their community, and fewer achievement goals vs. Native Americans who didn’t see stereotypical portrayals
• Study 1: Participants viewed Chief Wahoo, Pocahontas (both stereotypical portrayals), or negative statistics about the Native American community
  
  • Listed words that came to mind, then third party rated for positivity
  • 80% positive words for first two conditions → stereotypes don’t have to be negative (but it doesn’t mean they’re not harmful)
• Study 2: Repeated Study 1 w/ a control
  
  • Measured self-esteem following manipulation: Control > Negative Statistics > Pocahontas + Chief Wahoo
  • Might describe latter two as positive but still lower self-esteem because it reminds them that they’re seen in stereotypical ways in society
• Study 3: Repeated Study 2 w/ perceptions of community
  
  • Community worth following manipulation: Control > Negative Statistics > Pocahontas > Chief Wahoo
• Study 4: Measuring achievement related possible selves with five conditions
  
  • Primed with images of stereotypical Native American chiefs + poster of Native American in an academic setting + control
  • Achievement related possible selves: Control > American Indian College Fund > Chief Images
  • Why did the college fund image not increase rating above controls? The text said “Have you ever seen a real Indian?” → cancelled out the effect by reminding people larger society sees them stereotypically

Question 19

bicultural identity integration (2)

Answer 19

• Extent to which people see their two cultural identities as compatible or in opposition to each other
• Hypothesis: most frame-switching among those high in bicultural identity integration because they can fluidly react to external cues in culturally consistent ways; happens to be the case

Question 20

Saad et al. (2012) (10)

(hint: bicultural creativity)

Answer 20

• Bicultural experience enhances creativity
• Experience of internalizing distinct cultural knowledge networks (i.e. sets of norms, values, and behaviours) allows biculturals to encode info in multiple ways → enhance recruitment of unconventional knowledge
• 177 Chinese-American students at UC Davis; 75% born in USA
• American primes: Statue of Liberty + Mount Rushmore
• Chinese primes: Great Wall + opera
• Bicultural primes: Great Wall + Statue of Liberty
• Creativity: unusual uses test → list as many uses for a paperclip as possible
• Mediated moderation: bicultural context → greater originality for high blendedness
  
  • Blendedness → (+)corr. w/ greater ideational fluency for bicultural vs. monocultural Chinese/Americans
• Greater idea generation → enhanced creativity among certain biculturals

Question 21

Tadmor, Satterstrom, Jang, & Polzer (2012) (6)

(hint: diverse groups)

Answer 21

• Measured participants’ multicultural experiences (countries lived in, exposure to non-American cultures, languages spoken)
• Measured creativity both alone and in groups, “generate as many uses of a brick as possible”
• Coded responses for fluency, flexibility, novelty
• Individual creativity, averaged across the members of each dyad, positively predicted dyadic fluency, flexibility, and novelty
• Even after controlling for this effect of individual creativity, individual levels of multicultural experience had a superadditive effect on dyadic creativity
• Dyadic creativity was greatest when both dyadic partners had high levels of multicultural experience