Lecture 8 - Memory / Learning

Question 1

What 2 types of memory do we have?

Answer 1

• Short-term memory (STM)
• Long-term memory (LTM)

Question 2

What is the first stage of memory?

Answer 2

Encoding

Question 3

What does the Encoding stage of memory determine?

Answer 3

Determines which information is attended to in the environment and how it is interpreted

Question 4

TF: The more attention paid to something the more it is processed in terms of thinking about it and comparing it with other knowledge

Answer 4

True

Question 5

What involves recalling various kinds of knowledge?

Answer 5

Memory

Question 6

TF: Context is not important regarding how we remember

Answer 6

False. It is important

Question 7

TF: We are better at recalling things rather than recognizing things

Answer 7

False. We are better at recognizing things rather than recalling things

Question 8

TF: We remember less about objects we have photographed than when we observe them with the naked eye (Henkel, 2014)

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Is command-based interfaces an example of recall or recognition?

Answer 9

Recall

Question 10

Are graphical interfaces that provide visually-based options (menus, icons) an example of recall or recognition?

Answer 10

Recognition

Question 11

Web browsers providing tabs and history lists of visited urls is an example of recall or recognition?

Answer 11

Recognition

Question 12

TF: People are better at remembering arbitrary material (birthdays, phone numers) than visual cues (cover of a book)

Answer 12

False. They are better at remembering visual cues

Question 13

According to George Miller (1956), what is the max number of items a person can remember in their short-term memory (immediate memory)?

Answer 13

7 ± 2 (Miller’s Law)

Question 14

TF: People remember experiences connected with emotions

Answer 14

True

Question 15

TF: The data stored in LTM is a high-resolution representation of each particular experience

Answer 15

False. Is NOT a high-resolution representation

Question 16

What is the period of time in which the STM can hold information for?

Answer 16

15-30 seconds

Question 17

What happens to information 30secs after it is received? (2)

Answer 17

• Committed to LTM
• Or forgotten

Question 18

TF: Because of Miller’s Law, we should only present users with 7 items max (menu options, icons on toolbar, bullet lists, etc.)

Answer 18

False. Can present more since they don’t need to recall them from memory

Question 19

For personal information management, one solution was the use of search engines for finding files. What is one downside of it?

Answer 19

Only helpful when you know the name of the file

Question 20

What is the most common approach to manage personal information?

Answer 20

Use of folders and naming

Question 21

How do smart search engines help solve the problem of regular search engine?

Answer 21

By listing relevant files for when partial name or first letter is typed

Question 22

What is Hick’s law?

Answer 22

Don’t present too many elements for choice together

Question 23

What are tips for memory-friendly UX? (8)

Answer 23

• Don’t make users memorize many items at once
• Don’t present too many elements for choice together (Hick’s law)
• Save memory effort with recognizable patterns and symbols
• Apply consistent markers in navigation
• Don’t hide the core elements of navigation
• Stimulate different types of memory
• Optimize response time
• Utilize help and user assistance features

Question 24

What is one way of reducing cognitive load?

Answer 24

By avoiding long and complicated procedures for carrying out tasks

Question 25

TF: You should design interfaces that promote recall rather than recognition

Answer 25

False. Should promote recognition over recall

Question 26

TF: Providing users with various ways to label their digital information (folders, categories, colors, etc.) does not improve their ability to identify it again

Answer 26

False. It does

Question 27

What involves the accumulation of skills and knowledge involving memory?

Answer 27

Learning

Question 28

What are the 2 types of learning?

Answer 28

- Incidental learning - Intentional learning

Question 29

Which type of learning is harder Incidental or Intentional?

Answer 29

Intentional learning

Question 30

What is Incidental learning?

Answer 30

Learning something without trying to (i.e. remembering someone's face, remembering what you did today)

Question 31

What is Intentional learning?

Answer 31

Learning something deliberately (i.e. learning to cook, studying for exams)

Question 32

TF: People find it easy to learn by following instructions in a manual

Answer 32

False. They find it hard

Question 33

What is people's preferred way of learning?

Answer 33

Learning by doing

Question 34

What questions should you ask when considering language in design? (4)

Answer 34

- What words does the target audience use? - What is their lexicon (vocabulary)? - What terms are we using? (using profile or account, using favorites or saved) - What tone is appropriate for the product? (is the language casual and fun or serious and professional)

Question 35

How do voice user interfaces function?

Answer 35

By allowing users to interact with them by asking questions

Question 36

How do speech-output systems work?

Answer 36

By using artificially-generated speech (written text-to-speech systems)

Question 37

What system enables users to type in questions and give text-based responses?

Answer 37

chatbots

Question 38

TF: Speech-based menus and instructions should be long

Answer 38

False. Should be short

Question 39

TF: For artificially generated speech voices should accentuate the intonation

Answer 39

True. They are harder to understand than human voices

Question 40

What processes involve reflective cognition? (4)

Answer 40

- Problem-solving - Planning - Reasoning - Decision-making

Question 41

Thinking about what to do, what the options are, and the consequences involves what?

Answer 41

Reflective cognition

Question 42

TF: The app mentality is making it harder for people to make their own decisions and often need to look things up, get others' opinions

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What provides ways of understanding how and why people interact with products?

Answer 43

Theoretical frameworks (mental models and external cognition)