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Psy102 > Lecture 8: Memory > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory illusion?

A

A false, but subjectively compelling memory

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2
Q

What is heuristic

A

A mental shortcut(or rule of thumb) which helps one streamline one’s thinking

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3
Q

What is representative heuristic

A

Judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype

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4
Q

What Is memory?

A

Retention of information over time, which defines our sense of identity

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5
Q

What paradox of memory?

A

When our memories being surprisingly good in some situations, but surprisingly poor in other situations..

When recalling events we actively reconstruct our memories. Rather than simply passively reproducing them

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6
Q

Name the 2 dimensions

A

span and duration

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7
Q

What is sensory memory

A

Brief storage of perceptual information before it passed to short term memory

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8
Q

What is short term memory

A

Transforms information received from sensory memory into more meaningful materials
(duration: longer than sensory memory but still limited)

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9
Q

What is long term memory

A

Stores information for days to years
some( not all) memories are passed down

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10
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

Visual sensory memory

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11
Q

What is chunking?

A

It’s for organizing information into meaningful groupings

…Allows for the explanation of the span of short term memory

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12
Q

What is echoic memory

A

Auditory sensory memory

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13
Q

What is working memory? What is the duration and span for it?

A

Ability to hold on to information one is currently thinking about, attending to or processing actively

The duration is 20 seconds or less

The span is 7 plus/minus 2 pieces of info

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14
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

It’s when repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short term memory

…Allows for the extension of the duration of information in short term memory

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15
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Repeating the information in its original form, to retain it in short term memory

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16
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Linking information to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short term memory

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17
Q

What is Decay?

A

Fading of information from memory over time

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18
Q

What is Interference

A

Loss of information from memory due to competition form additional incoming information

19
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

Learning something new interferes with, hampers earlier learning

20
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Earlier learning interferes with new learning

21
Q

Short term memory has…

A

A much smaller span and much shorter duration

22
Q

Long term memory has…

A

A much larger span and much longer duration

23
Q

Semantic Memory

A

A long term memory in which our knowledge of facts about the world

24
Q

Episodic Memory

A

A long term memory in which there is a recollection of events in our lives

25
Q

Explicit memory

A

A long term memory in which memories that are recalled intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness

26
Q

What are Implicit memories?

A

They are memories we do not deliberately
remember or reflect on consciously

27
Q

What is procedural memory

A

Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits

28
Q

What is priming

A

The ability to identify a stimulus easier/quicker after we’ve encountered similar stimuli

29
Q

Explain long term memory using explicit and implicit using that one slideshow chart..

A

So long term memory, goes from explicit then to semantic and episodic

and then

there is one from implicit to procedural and priming

30
Q

Explain Encoding, go into depth

A

Encoding is the process of getting information into our memory banks. It’s considered as the role of attention.

Events are not encoded if you are not attending to them.

Almost all events that we encode, include only some of the details of the experience.

Why it is easier to remember some things from memory compared to others? We are more likely to remember something when the conditions present at the time we encoded are also present at retrieval

31
Q

Explain Mnemonics..

A

Learning aids or strategies that enhance recall and memory (through using association)..

We use mnemonics DURING encoding to helps us retrieve useful information

Example:
1. Chunking
2. acronyms(i.e, MBA,NBA,etc.)
3. Making a song
4. Helps enhance our short term and long term memory

32
Q

Explain Storage..

A

Process of keeping information in memory

Schema: an organized knowledge of structure, or mental model that we have stored in our memories

Can serve as useful function..may also lead to memory errors

33
Q

Explain Retrieval..

A

Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores..Tip of the tongue phenomenon- experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it

Forgetting may result from failure to retrieve information rather than failure to encode

Ex. unable to recall a person’s name even though you just spoke to them

34
Q

Why it is easier to remember some things from memory compared to others? Where is this shown..?

A

We are more likely to remember something when the conditions present at the time we encoded are also present at retrieval..

Context dependent learning- learning superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context

Mood dependent learning- learning superior retrieval of memories when we are in the same mood state (during retrieval) as we were during encoding

35
Q

Where is memory stored?

A

Hippocampus and Amygdala

36
Q

What’s the role of Amygdala

A

Helps us remember the emotions associated with fear provoking experiences

37
Q

What is the role of the Hippocampus

A

Plays a key role in episodic memory!

Damage: impairs explicit memory

..Helps us remember the events themselves

38
Q

Name the 4 types of amnesia..

A
  1. retrograde amnesia
  2. anterograde amnesia
  3. generalized amnesia
  4. Infantile amnesia
39
Q

What is retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of some memories from our past

40
Q

What is anterograde amnesia

A

The inability to encode new memories from our experiences

41
Q

What is generalized amnesia

A

The loss of all details of one’s life (rare)

42
Q

What is Infantile amnesia

A

Inability of adults remember personal experiences that took place before an early age(i.e. 2-3 years old)

43
Q

Why does amnesia occur?

A

The hippocampus is only partially developed…Lack of a schema of self impairs ability to encode or store memories of experiences in a meaningful way

Psy102 (6 decks)

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