Lecture 10: Final Outline Flashcards
What are the 3 warnings signs of pseudoscience?
- Overeliance on anecdotes
- Meaningless psychobabble
- Talk of “proof” instead of evidence
Explain overeliance on anecdotes..
An anecdote is basically a story about an individual, hard to verify, very hard to generalize, fails to inform us about cause and effect relationships, includes bias
Explain meaningless psychobabble..
Use of big words and confusing terminology to sound right…
What’s talk of “proof” instead of “evidence”
Science will either support or reject ideas, in science we avoid using “prove”
What is Transduction?
The process of converting an external energy (light) into electrical activity within neurons
What are Sensory Receptors?
It’s a specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific system.
- Specialized cells in the back of the eye transduce light
- Specialized cells inside thew transfuse airborne odorant’s
What is the outer ear?
The outer ears contains sense receptors for hearing transduce sound into neural activity. It funnels sound waves onto the eardrum
What does the outer ear contain?
It contains the Pinna, which is skin, cartilage flap, and it contains the ear canal
What is the middle ear?
The middle ear contains the ossicles which are considered to be the 3 finest bones of the body
What is the role of the cochlea?
Cochlea (‘snail’) converts vibration into neural activity - where
transduction happens
Cochlea contains:
* The origin of corti: tissue containing hair cells
Basilar membrane : membrane supporting the organ of corti & hair cells in the cochlea
What is Stage 1 of sleep? How does brain activity slow down?
It’s considered a “light” stage of sleep, and it happens as the brain activity slows down producing THETA waves
*Brain activity is slows when in an
1. BETA - awake and alert stage
2. ALPHA - awake and in a relaxed state
3. GAMMA - awake/concentrating and problem solving
Stage 2, What is it? What happens to the heart rate and muscles?
Brain activity slows down even more than before
An EGG would show
1. Sleep Spindles - sudden intense bursts of electrical activity
2. K - Complexes - occasional rising and falling brain waves
*Appear ONLY during sleep
The heart rate and body temperature decreases and muscles relax more…
Stage 3, What is it? and why Is it one of the more important states??
In order to have well rested sleep, you need to go through stages 3 and 4, kinda like deep sleep.
*It is Delta waves, for children 40% of their sleep is in deep sleep, however for adults it’s like 1/4 which is like 25%
What Happens after deep sleep?
We return to stage 2 and then move onto stage 5 (REM) which is 20-25% of out sleep.
In this stage the brain is….
*most active
*body is inactive…known paradoxical sleep
This is when dreaming occurs, REM sleep is longer when entered early morning rather then closer to when we first fall asleep….stages 1-4 ARE NOT REM!!!!!
What is classical conditioning?
Form of learning in which one responds to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus which elicits an automatic response
What is conditioning? give an example of learning through condition..
Conditioning is forming associations between stimuli, making connections between two things, an example would be a child makes a connection between his moms voice and sees her face, so then when she speaks from the other room he can recognize her.
What is classical conditioning?
Form of learning in which one responds to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus which elicits an automatic response
What do we have to do in order to develop to respond?
In order to develop a response, we have to pair the neutral stimuli wit another stimulus to get that response
Explain unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning (i.e., food)
Explain Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Automatic response to a stimulus that does not need to be learned (i.e., salivation)
Explain Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an UCS (i.e., metronome)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Response previously associated with a non neutral stimulus that is elicited by a (previously) neutral stimulus through conditioning (i.e., salivation)
Name 3 phases of classical conditioning
Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery
Explain higher order conditioning
When one develops a CR to a CS due to its association with another CS…
- Whereas in classical conditioning - one develops a CR to a CS due to its association with and UCS
What is higher order conditioning?
it’s when each progressive level results in weaker conditioning…
2nd-order conditioning tends to be weaker than classical conditioning
3rd-order conditioning tends to be weaker than 2nd-order conditioning
4th-order conditioning tends to be weaker than 3rd-order conditioning
Explain classical conditioning…
Learning phase during which a conditional response is established
Explain the different between classical conditioning and operant conditioning
In classical conditioning the reward is independent of the response, however it’s the opposite for operant conditioning, where the reward is dependant on the response. Operant conditioning is where the behaviour is voluntary, in classical behaviour is pulled out automatically as a response.
Explain the difference between reinforcement and punishment…
Reinforcement is when any consequence that makes a behaviour more likely to occur (strengthens the probability of the behaviour), however with punishment any consequence that makes a behaviour less likely to occur (weakens the probability of a behaviour).
Which one works better in the long run? reinforcement or punishment?
Reinforcement works better in the long run than punishment. Because punishment
tells people what not to do rather than teaching what to do instead, and it can create anxiety which interferes with future learning.
What are the 3 logical fallacies we covered in lecture 1?
- Emotional reasoning fallacy
- Bandwagon fallacy
- Not me fallacy
- Emotional reasoning fallacy
Just cause it makes us feel some way doesn’t mean its wrong.
- Bandwagon fallacy
Just because multiple people believe it does not mean it’s true..
- Not me fallacy
Can get us into trouble, bias blindspot - unaware of our own biases but we’re aware of other peoples biases
Science VS Pseudoscience
Pseudoscience can be more believable therefore making it more dangerous…very misguiding and time consuming.. can be very dangerous
What are the 3 major theoretical viewpoints
- Behaviourism
- Cognitivism
- Psychoanalysis
Who opened the first lab for psychology?
William Wundt, gave psych a scientific view
Explain Behaviourism
Uncovering the general laws of learning by studying observable behaviour..
**John B Watson - why do people think the way they do
BF Skinner - people can change knowing the consequences that follow them
- Performed Watson and Little Albert, which was unethical
Explain Cognitivism
Jean Piaget…how each person reward is different and how people evaluate things
Cognitive neuroscience and affective neuroscience
Peaking inside the black box - by aiming to study psychology objectively
Explain Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Frued (aka mommy issues)
Unconscious Mind- memories outside of our conscious which influences our behaviour (outside of our awareness)
Freudian slips..slip of the tongue, there is a reason behind everything we do and some things we say by accident which we might’ve meant, symbolic meanings
Free-will determinism debate
BF skinner..to what extent are our behaviours freely selected than caused by factors outside of our control, some believe free will is on illusions
The Nature and Nature Debate
By John Locke: The mind = tabula rasa at birth, how genes and environment play important role in behaviour
Two types of thinking, what are they?
Type 1 - Intuitive thinking: quick and reflexive doesn’t require much thinking and effort
Type 2 - Analytical thinking: slow and reflective
Evaluating
Measures - Reliability
Reliability is the consistency of measurement, two types, test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability
Validity
The extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure
The Cerebral Cortex
The outermost layer of the brain, the corpus callosum carries the large bundle of fibers connecting the 2
cerebral hemispheres
Lateralization
cognitive functions that rely more one one hemisphere then the other
left hemp controls right side
right hemp control left
What are the 4 lobes
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Temporal
- Occipital lobe
Frontal Lobe
Performs executive that coordinates other brain areas
(motor planning, language, decision making)
Central sulcus → sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
- Motor cortex
Parietal Libe
- Touch & perception
- Spatial perception
-Hemispatial neglect
Temporal Lobe
- Hearing, understanding language & memory
- Auditory cortex
- Fusiform face area
Occipital Lobe
Contains the the primary and association visual cortex
