Lecture 10: Final Outline Flashcards
What are the 3 warnings signs of pseudoscience?
- Overeliance on anecdotes
- Meaningless psychobabble
- Talk of “proof” instead of evidence
Explain overeliance on anecdotes..
An anecdote is basically a story about an individual, hard to verify, very hard to generalize, fails to inform us about cause and effect relationships, includes bias
Explain meaningless psychobabble..
Use of big words and confusing terminology to sound right…
What’s talk of “proof” instead of “evidence”
Science will either support or reject ideas, in science we avoid using “prove”
What is Transduction?
The process of converting an external energy (light) into electrical activity within neurons
What are Sensory Receptors?
It’s a specialized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific system.
- Specialized cells in the back of the eye transduce light
- Specialized cells inside thew transfuse airborne odorant’s
What is the outer ear?
The outer ears contains sense receptors for hearing transduce sound into neural activity. It funnels sound waves onto the eardrum
What does the outer ear contain?
It contains the Pinna, which is skin, cartilage flap, and it contains the ear canal
What is the middle ear?
The middle ear contains the ossicles which are considered to be the 3 finest bones of the body
What is the role of the cochlea?
Cochlea (‘snail’) converts vibration into neural activity - where
transduction happens
Cochlea contains:
* The origin of corti: tissue containing hair cells
Basilar membrane : membrane supporting the organ of corti & hair cells in the cochlea
What is Stage 1 of sleep? How does brain activity slow down?
It’s considered a “light” stage of sleep, and it happens as the brain activity slows down producing THETA waves
*Brain activity is slows when in an
1. BETA - awake and alert stage
2. ALPHA - awake and in a relaxed state
3. GAMMA - awake/concentrating and problem solving
Stage 2, What is it? What happens to the heart rate and muscles?
Brain activity slows down even more than before
An EGG would show
1. Sleep Spindles - sudden intense bursts of electrical activity
2. K - Complexes - occasional rising and falling brain waves
*Appear ONLY during sleep
The heart rate and body temperature decreases and muscles relax more…
Stage 3, What is it? and why Is it one of the more important states??
In order to have well rested sleep, you need to go through stages 3 and 4, kinda like deep sleep.
*It is Delta waves, for children 40% of their sleep is in deep sleep, however for adults it’s like 1/4 which is like 25%
What Happens after deep sleep?
We return to stage 2 and then move onto stage 5 (REM) which is 20-25% of out sleep.
In this stage the brain is….
*most active
*body is inactive…known paradoxical sleep
This is when dreaming occurs, REM sleep is longer when entered early morning rather then closer to when we first fall asleep….stages 1-4 ARE NOT REM!!!!!
What is classical conditioning?
Form of learning in which one responds to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus which elicits an automatic response
What is conditioning? give an example of learning through condition..
Conditioning is forming associations between stimuli, making connections between two things, an example would be a child makes a connection between his moms voice and sees her face, so then when she speaks from the other room he can recognize her.
What is classical conditioning?
Form of learning in which one responds to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus which elicits an automatic response
What do we have to do in order to develop to respond?
In order to develop a response, we have to pair the neutral stimuli wit another stimulus to get that response
Explain unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning (i.e., food)
Explain Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Automatic response to a stimulus that does not need to be learned (i.e., salivation)