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A&P II (Spring 2024) > Lecture 8: Intro to Pulmonary (Exam II) > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Intro to Pulmonary (Exam II) Flashcards

1
Q

During normal physiology, what is the intrathoracic pressure during inspiration and expiration?

A
  • Inspiration: -7cmH₂O
  • Expiration: -5cmH₂O
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2
Q

How far up does the apex of the lung reach?

A

Above the clavicle

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3
Q

What structure separates the lungs?

A

Mediastinum

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4
Q

What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

A

It’s a Skeletal muscle dammit

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5
Q

In the figure below, what structure is indicated by 1?

A

Parietal Pleura (mediastinal part)

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6
Q

In the figure below, what structure is indicated by 2?

A

Parietal Pleura (costal part)

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7
Q

In the figure below, what structure is indicated by 3?

A

Visceral Pleura covering the lung tissue

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8
Q

In the figure below, what structure is indicated by 5?

A

Parietal Pleura (diaphragmatic part)

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9
Q

In the figure below, what structure is indicated by 6?

A

Inferior Lobe

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10
Q

In the figure below, what structure is indicated by 7?

A

Middle Lobe

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11
Q

In the figure below, what structure is indicated by 9?

A

Superior Lobe

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12
Q

Which lung tends to have a little more volume? Why?

A

The right lung has more volume due to the heart being more in the left thoracic cavity.

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13
Q

What is indicated by the red circles in the figure below?

A
  • Pulmonary Hilum (collections of the greater blood vessels and bronchi)
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14
Q

During inspiration, the rib cage ______ while the _________ drops.

A

elevates ; diaphragm

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15
Q

How much air is breathed in during a deep inspiration?

assume the person exhaled as much air as possible prior to inhaling.

A

4.5 L = Vital Capacity

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16
Q

The distance difference between the bottom of the lungs during inspiration and expiration is how much?

A

2cm

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17
Q

Do the lungs move anterior or posteriorly with inspiration?

A
  • Anteriorly ( and inferiorly technically)
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18
Q

Where does the diaphragm insert at?

A

Three points:

  • Xiphoid process
  • Bottom of costal cage
  • L-spine vertebral bodies.
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19
Q

What structure is indicated by 3 in the figure below?

A

Left dome of the diaphgram

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20
Q

What structure is indicated by 6 in the figure below?

A

Right dome of the diaphgram

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21
Q

What structure seals off the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphgragm

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22
Q

What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below?

A

Caval aperture (Vena Cavae)

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23
Q

What structure is indicated by 2 in the figure below?

A

Central tendon

24
Q

What structure is indicated by 3 in the figure below?

A

Esophageal aperture

25
Q

What structure is indicated by 4 in the figure below?

A

Aortic aperture

26
Q

Name all the apertures from anterior to posterior.

A

Caval → esophageal → aortic

27
Q

Why is it so risky to perform nerve blocks in the neck?

A
  • Lots of important structures but especially the phrenic nerve. If blocked, then the diaphragm (at least one side) won’t be able to move.
28
Q

What nerve complex is very close to the phrenic nerve in the neck?

A
  • Brachial plexus
29
Q

When are the scalene muscles often noticed?
What is the purpose of the scalene muscles?

A
  • If someone is using strong inspiratory effort.
  • Scalene muscles prevent the diaphragm from pulling the thorax down.
30
Q

What scalene muscle is noted by 5 in the figure below?
Where does it attach?

A
  • Anterior Scalene
  • Attaches to 1st rib and C3-C6
31
Q

What scalene muscle is noted by 6 in the figure below?
Where does it attach?

A
  • Middle Scalene
  • Attaches to 1st rib and C3-C7
32
Q

What scalene muscle is noted by 7 in the figure below?
Where does it attach?

A
  • Posterior Scalene
  • Attaches to 2nd rib and C5-C7
33
Q

Most lung tissue is located anteriorly. T/F?

A

False. Most lung tissue is located posteriorly.

34
Q

What position is the “lung-draining” position? Why is this?

A
  • Prone: when prone, the heart doesn’t sit on the lungs and they can drain more effectively.
35
Q

How many segments does the right bronchiole typically have?

A

10 segments

36
Q

How many segments does the left bronchus have?

A

8 segments (bottom ones are typically fused)

37
Q

What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below?

A

Thyroid cartilage

38
Q

What structure is indicated by 2 in the figure below?
What is the importance of this structure?

A
  • Cricoid cartilage: connects the thyroid cartilage and the trachea.
39
Q

What structure is indicated by 3 in the figure below?
Why is this structure important?

A
  • Cricothyroid ligament (This is the location for an emergent cricothyrotomy airway)
40
Q

What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below?
What is the significance of this structure?

A

Hyoid bone: connects the jaw to the voicebox area.

41
Q

What structure is indicated by 2 in the figure below?

A

Cricothyroid ligament

42
Q

What structure is indicated by 1 in the figure below?

A

Epiglottic cartilage

43
Q

What piece of anatomy moves down when swallowing?
What moves up to help prevent aspiration?

A
  • Epiglottis
  • Vocal folds
44
Q

A fast vibration of the vocal ligament results in what kind of sound?

A
  • Faster vibration = higher pitch (like a scream)
45
Q

What are the vocal ligaments controlled by?

A

Skeletal muscles

46
Q

How many conducting zones are there?

A

17

Zones 0 - 16

47
Q

How many respiratory zones are there?

A

7

Zones 17 - 23

48
Q

Is the trachea considered a part of the conducting zone?

A

Yes; the trachea is zone 0

49
Q

The conducting zones are also known as what?

A

Anatomical dead space

50
Q

How much respiratory surface area do the human lungs have?

A

70m2 (roughly tennis court sized)

51
Q

Name the order of respiratory structures starting from the trachea all the way to the alveoli.

A

Conducting zone

  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Conducting bronchioles
  4. Terminal bronchioles

Respiratory zone

  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
52
Q

Differentiate hypoxia and hypoxemia.

A
  • Hypoxia: ↓O₂ at the tissue level.
  • Hypoxemia: ↓O₂ in the blood.
53
Q

What is the technical criteria/definition for cyanosis?

A
  • DeoxyHgb of > 5mg/dL
54
Q

What is orthopnea?

A

A change in breathing with bodily position change. (ex. prone to supine)

55
Q

Differentiate hyperpnea and hyperventilation.

A
  • Hyperpnea: more ventilation than normal
  • Hyperventilation: ventilation greater than bodily needs.

A&P II (Spring 2024) (24 decks)

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