Lecture 8- heart failure Flashcards
types of heart failure
high output failure
low output failure
systolic failure
diastolic failure
systolic dysfunction
decrease in myocardial contractility
ejection fraction less than 40% (should be 65%)
causes- ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertension
deleterious consequence of systolic dysfunction
pulmonary or peripheral edema
diastolic dysfunction
smaller ventricular size, impaired filling
any condition that impedes expansion of ventricle, increase thickness, or delays diastolic relaxation
right heart failure
congestion of peripheral tissue
GI tract congestion
liver congestion
left heart failure
depressed cardiac output
pulmonary congestion
frank sterling mechanism
increase in muscle stretch causes increase wall tension therefore increase myocardial oxygen consumption and demand
compensatory mechanisms during heart failure
- frank sterlings
- RAA
- sympathetic NS
- natriuretic peptides (high in pt w heart failure)
- endothelins
- inflammatory mediators
endothelins
vasoconstrictor
decreases lumen
nocturia
need to wake up and pass urine during the night
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
orthopnea
not being able to breathe while laying down, must sit up
cachexia
tissue wasting
central cyanosis
tongue and lips are blue, extremities warm
peripheral cyanosis
poor circulation is extremities
treatment for CHF
diuretic digitalis ACE inhibitor beta blocker oxygen therapy
intraortic balloon pumping
for Pt waiting on heart transplant
coronary artery blood flow increased
perfusion increased
VAD
ventricular assist device
1 end on aorta, 1 end on ventricle
cardiomyopathy
genetic
mixed
acquired
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
growth and arrangement of cardiac muscle fibers are abnormal, leading to wall thickness
usually thickening of septum
genetic
symptoms & treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
usually no symptoms
dyspnea, fainting, strong rapid beats
drugs to reduce pumping action
ARVC/D
mutation in myocardium that can lead to loss of myocites replaced by fat
dilated myopathy
gradually enlarges heart and weakens pumping
thinning of walls
no def cause
can be linked to- excessive alcohol consumption, viral infection, toxins
symptoms & treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy
usually no symptoms
in adv, can cause pain
increase EDV and ESV
relieving symptoms
digoxins and diuretics
restrictive cardiomyopathy
ventricular filling is restricted, walls are rigid therefore reducing lumen
symptoms & treatment for restrictive cardiomyopathy
weakness, fatigue, breathlessness
edema, nausea, bloating
focused on treating cause
acquired cardiomyopathy
aka myocarditis
peripartum- after giving birth
inflame of myocardium
stress cardiomyopathy
left ventricular ballooning due to emotional stress
impaired ventricular contractility
surgical treatment for heart failure
intraortic balloon pumping
VAD
heart transplant