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BSC Zoology - Nutrition and Digestion > Lecture 8- Equine nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 8- Equine nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What type of animal is a horse?

A

• Non-Ruminant herbivore

-hindgut dominant

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2
Q

How can horses utilize roughage?

A
  • Utilize roughage by:
  • Large caecum and colon
  • Caecum has large bacteria population for fibre digestion
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3
Q

What is the importance of dental care in horses?

A

Very important in maintaining a healthy horse

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4
Q

What type of teeth do horses have and how do they chew?

A
  • Have both top and bottom incisors
  • Incisors used for apprehension
  • Chew in a sideways circular motion using cheek teeth to grind food
  • Can lead to sharp hooks on the lateral side of upper cheek teeth and medial side of lower cheek teeth
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5
Q

What are the signs of problems with dental care in horses?

A
  • Signs of problems:
  • Head is sideways to chew
  • Dropping of feed
  • Refusing feed
  • Weightloss
  • Teeth must be floated to remove sharp points
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6
Q

PIC1What is the anatomy of the digestive tract of the horse?

A

1. Oesophagus

  • Can’t vomit, strong cardiac sphincter muscle in stomach prevents
  • Digestive upset = Colic

2. Foregut • Stomach • Small intestine

3.• Hindgut • Caecum • Large colon • Small colon • Rectum

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the stomach (part of the foregut)?

A
  • 10% of tract
  • Limited digestion
  • Partial feed breakdown
  • Some starch and protein digestion
  • Rapid rate of passage into small intestine • Continuous feeders
  • in natural environment and sometimes in domestic environment
  • Stomach never completely empties
  • Can develop gastric ulcers
  • Causes: Stress, overuse of anti-inflammatory drugs.
  • Lie on back, salivate, depression, colic, grit teeth
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the small intestine (part of the foregut)?

A
  • 30% of tract
  • Digestion of • Starch 65-75% • Protein, AA’s 60-70% • Fat 90% • Ca absorption 95-99% • Phosphorous 20-25%
  • 3 Sections: • Duodenum • Jejunum • Ileum
  • Fast rate of passage
  • Gall Bladder? • None! • Bile continuously secreted from liver
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9
Q

What are some characteristics of the hindgut?

A
  • Forage digestion
  • Caecum, large colon, small colon, rectum
  • Caecum
  • Similiar to role of rumen in cattle
  • 16% of tract
  • Blind pouch at junction of small intestine and large colon
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10
Q

What happens in cecum?

A
  • Digestion
  • microbes will produce vitamin K, B-complex vitamins, proteins, and VFA’s
  • Vitamins and fatty acids will be absorbed, but little if any protein will be absorbed
  • Slow rate of passage
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11
Q

What happens in the large colon?

A
  • 40-50% of tract
  • 5 major parts
  • Right ventral colon - Sternal flexure
  • Left ventral colon - Pelvic flexure
  • Right dorsal colon - Diaphramatic flexure
  • Left dorsal colon-Descending colon
  • Absorbs: • H20 • VFA • Amino acids • Phosphorus • minerals
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12
Q

What happens in the small colon?

A
  • Absorption of H2O
  • Faecal ball formation
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13
Q

What happens in the rectum?

A

• Holds waste materials

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14
Q

What are the basics of equine nutrition?

A
  • Over eating of cereal grains causes problems
  • Lots of carbohydrates in caecum leads to:
  • Fermentation
  • Makes gas/lactic acid
  • Can lead to colic, laminitis
  • If need to feed over 2 to 3 kg of grain per feeding
  • Break down to 2 or more small feedings
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15
Q

What are the different rates of passage in equines and ruminants?

A

• Equine

  • rush through foregut
  • time delay in caecum
  • rush through rectum

• Ruminant

• Slow recycling flow of digesta

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16
Q

How does the development of hindgut, caecum, and large intestine?

A
  • Not fully developed until about 18 months of age
  • At 18 months sign of microbial population within hindgut
  • Acts as a simple stomach prior to development of hindgut
  • Allows use of creep feeding for foals
  • Minimizing laminitis, colic
17
Q

What is the case about copohragy?

A
  • Copophragy
  • Behavorial
  • Eating of faeces to obtain microbes for fiber digestion
18
Q

How do you feed a horse?

A
  • Make gradual changes in diet to avoid digestive problems: colic, laminitis, etc.
  • Feed at regular intervals
  • As close to 12 hours as possible
  • 0.5% BW in grain maximum per feeding
19
Q

What are the mineral requirements of a horse?

A
  • Mature horse
  • Ca and P
  • Continuousloss
  • Always more Ca than P
  • 70% of the mineral content of the body
  • 99% of the calcium and 80% of the phosphorus in the bones and teeth
  • 1.1—2.0 parts of calcium to 1.0 part phosphorus is ideal

-• Salt

  • Free choice
  • ~ 60 g/d • Either in block form or loose
20
Q

What are the water requirements for horses?

A
  • Should have free choice to water during day
  • Maintenance 16 to 30 l/d
  • Gestation 28 to 40
  • Moderate Work 36 to 60
  • Hard Work 50 to 75

-this depends heavily on how much the horse is moving

21
Q

What is an example of expected total feed consumption in a horse?

A
  • At Maintenance:
  • Total Feed (% BW) • 1.5to2
  • % Roughage • 100-75
  • % Concentrate • 0-25%
22
Q

What is an example of expected total feed consumption in a horse? (late gestation)

A
  • At Late gestation:
  • Total Feed (% BW) • 1.5to2
  • % Roughage • 80-65
  • % Concentrate • 20-35

-cannot fit as much in the stomach as the fetus takes up space

23
Q

What is an example of expected total feed consumption in a horse? (early lactation)

A
  • At Early Lactation:
  • Total Feed (% BW) • 2-3
  • % Roughage • 40-60
  • % Concentrate • 60-40

-large energy requirements!

24
Q

What is an example of expected total feed consumption in a horse? (moderate work)

A
  • At Moderate Work:
  • Total Feed (% BW) • 1.75-2.5
  • % Roughage • 40-60
  • % Concentrate • 60-40
25
Q

What is an example of expected total feed consumption in a horse? (growth)

A
  • At Growth:
  • Total Feed (% BW) • 2-3
  • % Roughage • 40-70
  • % Concentrate • 60-30
26
Q

What are the factors influencing requirements?

A
  • Temperature
  • Activity
  • Type of food
  • Function
  • Increase 8-10% last 1/3 of gestation
  • Lactation increase 50-70%
27
Q

What to remember?

A
  • Make educated decisions
  • Feed by weight not by volume
  • All feed should be clean of mold, dust, etc

. • Feed at regular intervals

  • ~12 hours
  • Make gradual changes in feeding program
  • “Safer” to increase hay then grain

BSC Zoology - Nutrition and Digestion (24 decks)

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