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SHSC 2031 Exam > Lecture 8 - Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia And Brain Ventricles > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia And Brain Ventricles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four components of diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus, Thalamus, Subthalamus and Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What are the two structural roles of diencephalon?

A
  • Connect the cerebral cortex to the rest of the body
  • Connect the brain to the endocrine system (hormone system)
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3
Q

What are the functions of thalamus?

A
  • A relay station: Relaying all sensory information (except olfactory) to different areas in the cortex for further processing
  • involved in motor control
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4
Q

How many hemispheres are there in thalamus?

A

2 hemispheres

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5
Q

What is the function of medial geniculate body?

A

Auditory pathway for auditory information

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6
Q

Where is medial geniculate body from and to?

A

from the inner ear, to the primary auditory cortex

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7
Q

Where is lateral geniculate body from and to?

A

From the eyes, to primary visual cortex

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8
Q

What is the function of lateral geniculate cortex?

A

Visual pathway for visual information

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9
Q

What are the two ventral posterior?

A

Ventral Posterior Lateral and Ventral Posterior Medial

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10
Q

Where is Ventral Posterior from and to?

A

From medial leminiscus, spinothalamic tract, trigeminothalamic tract, to postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex)

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11
Q

What are the functions of Ventral Posterior?

A

Conveys touch, temperature, pain, proprioception

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12
Q

What sends information to the Ventral Posterior?

A

The entire body sends information to the Posterior Lateral

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13
Q

What information do Ventral Posterior Lateral and Ventral Posterior Medial receive?

A

Ventral Posterior Lateral: receives information from your body
Ventral Posterior Medial: receives information fro your head and neck

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14
Q

Where are Ventral Lateral and Ventral Anterior from and to?

A

From basal ganglia and cerebellum, to motor vortices

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15
Q

What is the function of Ventral Lateral and Ventral Anterior?

A

Motor control

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16
Q

Where are Anterior Nucleus and Lateral Dorsal from and to?

A

From mammillary body to cingulate cortex

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17
Q

What are the functions fo Anterior Nucleus and Lateral Dorsal?

A

Cognitive control, emotion, memory

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18
Q

What is associated with long-term memory that is connected to mammillary body?

A

Hippocampus

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19
Q

What is visual imaginary?

A

The internal vision generated by yourself: you imagine a tiger with your eyes closed, your hippocampus will send information generated from long-term memory to the mammillary body and then send information to the Anterior Nucleus and Lateral Dorsal.

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20
Q

Where is Dorsomedial Nucleus from and to?

A

From hypothalamus, amygdala, to prefrontal cortex

21
Q

What is the function of Dorsomedial Nucleus?

A

Cognitive control and emotion

22
Q

Where is Pulvinar from and to?

A

From superior colliculus reciprocal connection to cortex, to mainly primary visual cortex, parietal and temporal lobes

23
Q

What is the function of Pulvinar?

A

Visual attention and navigation

24
Q

Where is Median nuclei from and to?

A

From and to are non-specific and widespread

25
Q

What is the function of Median Nuclei?

A

Arousal, awareness by overriding mental state

26
Q

What happens if you don’t have Median Nuclei?

A

Don’t have conscious

27
Q

Where is hypothalamus located?

A

Below the thalamus

28
Q

What control centre is hypothalamus?

A

Control centre for endocrine system

29
Q

How does hypothalamus controls things?

A

Controls things in a slow time scale

30
Q

how does the nuclei in hypothalamus control endocrine system?

A

Through the pituitary gland

31
Q

What are the functions of Hypothalamus?

A
  • Regulates the growth and development
  • Drives sexual behaviour
  • Regulates reproduction behaviour (birth, breastfeeding)
  • Regulates autonomic functions (sympathetic/ parasympathetic)
  • Maintains the homeostasis of the body (circadian rhythm, stress regulation, body temperature, water balance, appetite, blood pressure)
32
Q

What are in the hypothalamus to release hormones to control different body parts?

A

Lots of nuclei stimulating pituitary gland

33
Q

Where is epithalamus located?

A

Behind the thalamus

34
Q

What is the major function of epithalamus?

A

Release of melatonin (regulate sleep-wake cycle)

35
Q

What is responsible to release melatonin in the epithalamus?

A

Pineal Gland

36
Q

Where is subthalamus located?

A

Below the thalamus

37
Q

WHat is the major function of subthalamus?

A

Motor control (part of the basal ganglia movement)

38
Q

WHat are the three parts of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, Globus pallidus

39
Q

What forms lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen and Globus Pallidus (medial to putamen)

40
Q

What is basal ganglia responsible for?

A

Motor Movement

41
Q

How is our muscle system in the entire body when it is not activated?

A

Constantly inhibited

42
Q

How is our initiation of moment related to muscles?

A

It releases muscles when initiating our movement as we initiate disinhibition to release the muscles for movement

43
Q

What are the two pathways in the basal ganglia?

A

Direct pathway and Indirect pathway

44
Q

What does the direct pathway do in the basal ganglia?

A

It facilitates you to initate some movements

45
Q

What is the process of direct pathway in the basal ganglia?

A

If the neural fibre is being activated, the striatum will be activated the neuron from striatum to medial globus pallidus is inhibitory is being activated, the neuron to the thalamus will be suppressed and silenced, the thalamus will be activated to send information to motor cortex, and the motor cortex will initiate motor activity.

46
Q

What is inhibitory pathway?

A

You need to initiate a command to stop the motor activity through inhibitory pathway

47
Q

What is the process of indirect pathway?

A

A command will be sent form motor vortices to lateral globus pallidus, then it will reduce activity of neuron to subthalamus nucleus (inhibitory), then it will send excitatory pathway to the medial globus pallidus, the pathway form medial globus pallidus to thalamus will have more inhibitory activity on thalamus, the thalamus is inhibited and cannot send information to motor cortices. The motor cortices will stop the motor activity.

48
Q

What releases dopamine?

A

Substantial nigra, that enhances direct pathway and suppresses indirect pathway

SHSC 2031 Exam (4 decks)

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