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SHSC 2031 Exam > Lecture 7- The Spinal Cord, Brainstem, Cranial Nerves And Cerebellum > Flashcards

Lecture 7- The Spinal Cord, Brainstem, Cranial Nerves And Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A

Meninges

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2
Q

How many protections are there in meninges? And what is the name of the meninges?

A

Three layers of protection: Dura Mater, Pia Mater and Arachnoid Mater

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3
Q

What are the two types of fibres under spinal cord?

A

General visceral fibres and General somatic fibres

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4
Q

What are the two types of fibres in general somatic fibres?

A
  • Afferent fibres (sensory information: skin)
  • Efferent fibres (motor information: skeletal muscles)
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5
Q

What are the two types of fibres in the general visceral fibres?

A
  • Afferent fibres (internal organs, vessel, glands)
  • Efferent fibres (hearts, glands, smooth muscles)
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6
Q

What does dorsal root carry?

A

Sensory information

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7
Q

What is the pathway of dorsal root?

A

It goes all the way up to the parietal lobe in cerebrum about sensory information

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8
Q

What does ventral root carry?

A

Motor information

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9
Q

What is the pathway of ventral root?

A

It will flow down to different places through spinal cord and to muscles.

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10
Q

What are formed after merging dorsal root and ventral root?

A

Dorsal ramus and Ventral ramus

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11
Q

What does dorsal ramus innervantes/ connects?

A

The back (dorsal) part of the body

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12
Q

What does ventral ramus innervate/ connect?

A

Ventral (frontal) part of the body

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13
Q

What is dorsal root ganglion?

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies of sensory neurons that transmit sensory impulses

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14
Q

Do dorsal and ventral ramus contain sensory and motor information?

A

They contain both sensory and motor information

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15
Q

What can the spinal cord mapping infer?

A

Humans are most likely evolved fro quadripedal

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16
Q

How is the internal structure of spinal cord structured?

A

Well-structured and organised (with ascending tract separated from descending tract)

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17
Q

What hosts the tracts of neural fibres?

A

Spinal cord

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18
Q

How does the spinal cord host the tracts of neural fibres?

A

It bridges the brain and body bi-directionally and are structurally well organised

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19
Q

What are the parts of spinal cord?

A

Cervical (C1-C7), Thoracic (T1-T12), Lumbar (L1-L5), sacral and coccyx

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20
Q

What are the two ascending and descending tracts separated?

A

Ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts

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21
Q

What is the basic cell in the nervous system for information communication and processing?

A

Neuron

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22
Q

What is neuron?

A

The basic cell in the nervous system for information communication and processing

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23
Q

What is nerve?

A

A general term referring to the fibre-like nervous tissue that carries information between the brain and body

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24
Q

What refers to the fibre-like nervous tissue that carries information between the brain and body?

A

Nerve

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25
Q

What is fibre/ nerve fibre?

A

A general tram for axon

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26
Q

What is the general term for axon?

A

Fibre/ Nerve Fibre

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27
Q

What is a bundle of axon sharing common features?

A

Fasciculus/ Fascicle

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28
Q

What is fasciculus/ fascicle?

A

a bundle of axon sharing common features

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29
Q

What is a bundle of fasciculus?

A

Funiculus

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30
Q

What is funiculus?

A

A bundle of fasciculus

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31
Q

What is a tract?

A

A group of nerve fibres with the same origin, course, termination and function

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32
Q

What is a group of nerve fibres with the same origin, course, termination and function?

A

Tract

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33
Q

What is a body structure that represents a cord (rope-like thing)?

A

Cord

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34
Q

What is a cord?

A

A body structure that represents a cord (rope-like thing)

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35
Q

What is ganglion?

A

An encapsulated collection of cell bodies in peripheral nervous system

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36
Q

What is nucleus?

A

An encapsulated collection of cell bodies and nucleus in the central nervous system

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37
Q

What are the two encapsulated collection of cell bodies?

A

Ganglion and Nucleus

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38
Q

What are the three structures of brainstem?

A

medulla, pons, and midbrain

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39
Q

Where is brainstem located at?

A

Located between cerebrum and spinal cord

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40
Q

What function is brainstem responsible for?

A

Responsible for automatic functions (running on their own subconsciously and cannot be controlled)

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41
Q

What does brainstem host?

A

It hosts cranial nerves (neural fibres innervating different areas in face and neck)

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42
Q

Where is medulla located at?

A

Located between spinal cord and pons

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43
Q

What is the function of medulla?

A

It integrates signals for cerebellum and spinal cord for coordinating motor movements and learning

44
Q

What run through the medulla?

A

80% motor tracts

45
Q

What does medulla host?

A
  • Hosts the nuclei of cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII
  • Host many automatic functions, including cardiac, vasoconstrictor, gastrointestinal motility, respiratory and swallowing
46
Q

What does medulla do in terms of reflexes?

A

Mediate reflexes: coughing, vomiting and gagging

47
Q

Where is pons located at?

A

Located between medulla and mid-brain

48
Q

What does pons relay?

A

Relays neural tracts between the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, medulla and spinal cord

49
Q

WHat does pons host?

A

Hosts the nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII

50
Q

What does pons regulate?

A

Regulates respiration, swallowing, hearing eye movements, and facial expression and sensation

51
Q

Where does midbrain locate at?

A

Located between pons and diencephalon

52
Q

What does midbrain link?

A

Links the pons with the cerebral hemispheres

53
Q

What does midbrain produce?

A
  • Produces the neurotransmitter dopamine (related to addiction and movement)
  • Produces melatonin (in pineal gland) to regulate sleep
54
Q

What does midbrain receive and control?

A

Receives auditory and visual information and controls eye movement

55
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

All information we collect from sensors in our body will go through htalamus and project to different places in the cortex

56
Q

What is CN I?

A

Olfactory Nerve

57
Q

What is the feature of the olfactory nerve?

A
  • does not go through brainstem and thalamus (a central information relay centre)
  • directly penetrates through the skull and directly arrives at the temporal cortex
58
Q

What is the first part that receives and captures information from the olfactory nerve?

A

Olfactory bulb

59
Q

What is the destination of the olfactory bulb

A

Olfactory cortex (temporal lobe, orbitofrontal lobe, amygdala, hippocampus)

60
Q

What filters things in olfactory nerve?

A

Cribriform plate (cranial nerves pass through cribriform plate)

61
Q

What is olfactory nerve responsible for?

A

Smell information (e.g. when and where you have that smell)

62
Q

What is CN II?

A

The Optic Nerve

63
Q

What are the three layers in the eye that light penetrates?

A
  1. Photoreceptors: first layer that light enters and neuron takes information from light
  2. Bipolar neuron: second layer that light penetrates
  3. Ganglion cell: third layer that light penetrates and directly sends information to the brain
64
Q

How does light enter eyes through optic nerve?

A

Light will first enter the innermost layer of retina to receive light and it will be reflected from the internal wall, then light can go through the first two transparent layres

65
Q

Tow types of photoreceptors

A

Cones and Rods

66
Q

How does optic nerve has a complicated visual pathway?

A

It separates information sent to the left visual area to be processed in the right hemisphere, and the right visual area to be processed in the left hemisphere

67
Q

What is lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

A turning point to receive information from only one side of your eyeballs

68
Q

How is the visual information sent to the hemisphere?

A

Right (left) hemisphere receives left (right) visual field, the pathway is then connected to the right (left hemisphere through lateral geniculate nucleus

69
Q

What happens if the visual pathway is cut?

A
  • When a visual pathway is cut in the temporal, the cut visual path way. is not working while the other eye can see clearly
  • When the visual pathway is being cut at the point where the two optic nerves cross, each of the eye can only see half of the visual field from both eyes (i.e. left eye can only see the right side while right eye can only see the left side)
  • When a visual pathway in the brain is damaged at lateral geniculate nucleus, you cannot see from a certain side as the visual field is damaged but can see another side using both eyes
70
Q

What does superior colliculus integrate?

A
  • Integrates visual, auditory and vestibular signals to control eye and body movements
  • Controls ocular muscles and pupils
71
Q

What types of control is sent to control your body and eyeball in superior colliculus?

A

Top-down control to downstream information processing to control your body and eyeball

72
Q

What does superior colliculus do in terms of body posture based on visual information obtained?

A

adjusts position and posture to maintain body balance based on visual information obtained

73
Q

What connection does pulvinar nucleus?

A

Possesses reciprocal connection with most visual cortices areas of the occipital, parietal and temporal lobes

74
Q

What important role does pulvinar nucleus play?

A

Plays important role in visual attention

75
Q

What information does pulvinar nucleus provide?

A

Tell the cortex which part is important so that the cortex can do top-down feedback based on importance

76
Q

What are the three cranial nerves related to eye movements?

A

The Oculomotor Nerve (CN III), The Trochlear Nerve (CN IV), The Abducens Nerve (CN VI)

77
Q

What do The Oculomotor Nerve (CN III), The Trochlear Nerve (CN IV), The Abducens Nerve (CN VI) do in terms of eye movement?

A

They control the eye movements which are very complex and important

78
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve control?

A

Controls the inferior oblique, inferior rectus, superior rectus, and left medial rectus

79
Q

What does trochlear nerve do?

A

It changes the direction of force by pulling the eyeball forward against all tensions pulling the eyeball backward using the superior oblique to maintain the balance of eyeball

80
Q

What does abducens nerve do?

A

Controls the right medial rectus

81
Q

What does trigeminal nerve do?

A

Controls and receives signal from the muscles in the facial areas, tongue and mouth

82
Q

What is trigeminal nerve responsible for?

A

Essential for sound production, chewing and facial expressions

83
Q

What is the function of facial nerve?

A

Facial muscle (facial muscle control), facial sensation, taste, parasympathetic function (increases the flow of saliva)

84
Q

What disorder may be caused by facial nerve?

A

Bell’s palsy

85
Q

What s the function of vestibulocohclear nerve?

A

Processing auditory information and maintaining body balance

86
Q

What does glosspharyngeal nerve receive?

A

Receives sensory information from tongue, pharynx, tonsils, middle ear, phraryngotympanic tube, carotid body

87
Q

What does glosspharyngeal nerve control?

A

Controls muscles in pharynx (mediate gag reflex)

88
Q

What does glosspharyngeal nerve affect?

A

Parotid gland

89
Q

What is the longest and most complex of the cranial nerves?

A

The Vagus Nerves

90
Q

What does the vagus nerve innervate?

A

Innervate (part of ) ear, pharynx, larynx, soft palate, tongue, esophagus, lungs, trachea, heart, digestive tract

91
Q

What are the functions of the vagus nerve?

A
  • Receives sensory information (from the innervate structures
  • Heavily engaged in parasympathetic functions
  • Movement in digestive tracts
  • Speech, gag reflex, swallow
92
Q

What does vagus nerve have?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve that controls the larynx which is important to speech production

93
Q

What is the Spinal Accessory Nerve

A
  • partly mingled with CN X
  • control neck muscles
94
Q

What does hypoglossal nerve control?

A

Tongue movements

95
Q

What connection does cerebellum have?

A

A bidirectional connection that one is towards thalamus while the other is towards downwards (to the body)

96
Q

What coordination does cerebellum have?

A

Visual motor coordination

97
Q

What are the key functions of cerebellum?

A
  • Visual motor coordination
  • Motor control: fine motor control and gross motor control
  • Motor skill learning
98
Q

What is motor skill learning?

A

Collect, calculate and correct error that is the most essential process underlying learning

99
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Every channel of information about yourself and body state that needs to be understood by ourselves

100
Q

What is parallel computation?

A

Information from different body parts are processed simultaneously in a parallel way that is cognitively demanding -> cerebellum executes parallel compilation for calculating information from every part of body

101
Q

Cerebellum has _________ neurons than the cerebrum.

A

More neurons

102
Q

What relationship does cerebellum have with the body?

A

Receives input form, and controls output to, the ipsilateral side of the body

103
Q

Does cerebellum initiate movement?

A

No, cerebellum does not initiate movement

104
Q

Cerebellum _________ movements.

A

Cerebellum coordinates movement
- calculating error between actual movement and predicted movement
- send error signal back to cerebrum
- helps your body to adjust movement when it detects your body is not doing the motion in a correct way

105
Q

What is the process of coordination of movement in cerebellum?

A
  1. Motor plan and execute the movement
  2. cerebellum receives proprioception from two streams of information, and then calculate error
  3. Parallel computations when calculating errors fro different body parts using different nuerons and cells
  4. Cerebellum sends information back to thalamus’s and it will go back to motor cortex to tell the motor correction

SHSC 2031 Exam (4 decks)

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