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Neuro I Exam 2 - Pathways > Lecture 8: Development of the Brain > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Development of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What induces the formation of the neural plate, neural groove, neural folds, and neural tube?

A

Notochord

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2
Q

As the neural folds migrate to the middle and zipper up and down you get the formation of a rostral neuropore and caudal neuropore, when do these close by?

A

Rostral neuropore: close by day 25

Caudal neuropore: close by day 27

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3
Q

Which 5 cells of the CNS arise from neuroectoderm?

A

1) Astrocytes: structural and support cells
2) Dendrites and Axons
3) Oligodendrocytes: myelinate axons in CNS
4) Ependyma cells
5) Epithelium of Choroid Plexus

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4
Q

Where are Microglial cells of the CNS derived from?

A

Mesoderm (mesenchyme)

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5
Q

Neural tube cranial to _______ somites becomes the brain?

A

4th

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6
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A
  1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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7
Q

What week does the forebrain and hindbrain divide and what are their divisions?

A
  • 5th week
  • Forebrain —> Telencephalon (cerebral hemisphere) and Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, and optic nerve)
  • Hindbrain —> Metencephalon (pons/cerebellum) and Myelencephalon (medulla)

*The midbrain does NOT divide

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8
Q

The cervical flexure demarcates what?

A

Hindbrain from the spinal cord

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9
Q

The pontine flexure divides what?

A

Divides the hindbrain into Metencephalon (rostral) and Myelencephalon (caudal)

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10
Q

What 4 brain components arise from the Diencephalon?

A

1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Epithalamus
4) Eye (optic nerve)

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11
Q

What is Holoprosencephaly (HPE) and what other abnormalities is it commonly associated with?

A
  • Incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres
  • Most associated w/ facial abnormalities due to reduction of FNP
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12
Q

Describe the embryological development of the Pituitary Gland; where does each lobe arise from?

A
  • Upgrowth from roof of mouth (first arch ectoderm) forms Hypophysial diverticulum (Rathke’s pouch) = Anterior lobe
  • Downgrowth from diencephalic floor (neuroectoderm) forms Neurohypophysial diverticulum = Posterior lobe
  • Stalk of Rathke’s pouch regresses around week 6 and lobes fuse together
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13
Q

The spinal cord is formed by the neural tube caudal to the ______ pair of somites

A

4th

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14
Q

What is found in the Ventricular (zone 1), Intermediate (zone 2), and Marginal (zone 3) of the spinal cord?

A

1) Ventricular (Zone 1): neuroepithelial stem cells
2) Intermediate (Zone 2): neurons, astrocytes, microglia and/or glia
3) Marginal (Zone 3): oligodendrocytes, microglia, and axons that will eventually become myelinated (white matter)

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15
Q

Differentiation of the SC produces _____ walls, but _____ roof and floor plates

A

Thick walls, but thin roof and floor plates

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16
Q

The sulcus limitans is important for dividing?

A
  • Alar plate (dorsal): sensory
  • Basal plate (venral): motor
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17
Q

Where do the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus of the lower medulla develop from and what aspect of the medulla are they located on?

A
  • In caudal Myelencephalon, neuroblasts in Alar plate from these nuclei
  • Located on the Dorsal aspect of the medulla
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18
Q

What aspect of the medulla are the pyramids found on; which tract do they contain?

A

- Ventral aspect

  • Contain CST
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19
Q

As the pontine flexure forms what affect does it have on the walls and roof plate of the medulla; what does it do to the alar and basal plates?

A
  • Causes walls of medulla to move laterally
  • Thins the roof plate
  • Alar plates becomes lateral to the basal plates —> motor nuclei develop medially and sensory nuclei develop laterally
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20
Q

Cerebellum develops from what part of the alar plate and what must occur for its development?

A
  • Dorsal parts of the Alar plates
  • Rhombic lip (aka cerebral swelling) migrate and fuse midline
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21
Q

Which 4 nuclei develop from the basal plate of the Metencephalon?

A

1) Abducens nucleus
2) Facial motor nucleus
3) Trigeminal motor nucleus
4) Superior salivatory nucleus

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22
Q

Which CN’s are associated with GSE?

A

CN III, IV, VI, XII

23
Q

Which CN’s are associated with GVE?

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

24
Q

Which CN’s are associated with SVE; these innervate muscles derived from where?

A

CN V, VII, IX, X, XI

*Muscles derived from the pharyngeal arches

25
Q

Which CN’s are associated with GSA?

A

CN V, VII, IX, X

26
Q

Which CN’s are associated with GVA?

A

CN: IX, X

27
Q

Which CN’s are associated with SSA?

A

CN II, VIII

28
Q

Which CN’s are associated with SVA?

A

CN I, VII, IX, X

29
Q

Which ventricle is located in the Telencephalon?

A

Lateral ventricles

30
Q

Which ventricle is located in the Diencephalon?

A

Third ventricle

31
Q

Which part of the ventricular system is located in the Mesencephalon?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

32
Q

Which ventricle is located in both the Metencephalon and Myelencephalon?

A

Fourth ventricle

33
Q

What other pathology is Syringomyelia highly associated with?

A

Type I Chiari malformations

34
Q

What is Hyrdrocephalus and what causes it?

A
  • Excess CSF in the ventricular system of brain
  • Can be caused by obstruction in the ventricles, arachnoid villi, or overproduction by choroid plexus adenoma
35
Q

What occurs in Chiari Type I malformation; highly associated with what other abnormality?

A
  • Herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum (defect in hindbrain)
  • Usually no symptoms, but pressure on cerebellum can lead to decreased coordination
  • Highly associated with Syringomyelia
36
Q

What is Arnold-Chiari type II malformation; what other pathology is it highly associated with?

A
  • Herniation of medulla and cerebellum through foramen magnum
  • May lead to Hydrocephalus due to compression of medial and lateral foramina
  • Highly associated with Spina Bifida (Myelomeningocele)
37
Q

Which nuclei form from the Basal plates in the Mesencephalon?

A
  • Red nucleus
  • Edinger-Westphal nucleus
  • Oculomotor nucleus

*Think motor, anything basal plate

38
Q

What is formed by the Alar plates of the Mesencephalon?

A

1) Superior Colliculus
2) Inferior Colliculus

39
Q

The 1st neurons from the Ventricular zone migrate up and form what?

A

Preplate

40
Q

Axons from the preplate extend on the inner side, establishing which zone?

A

Intermediate zone

41
Q

After formation of the intermediate zone the next set of neurons migrate into the middle of the preplate and split it producing what 3 things?

A
  • Cortical plate, in between..
  • Marginal zone (future lamina I) and…
  • Subplate
42
Q

Early neurons of the cortical plate will form which layers/laminae first?

A
  • Deep layers
  • Laminae VI and V
43
Q

Late neurons migrate throuh which zones/lamina and form which layers/lamina

A
  • Migrate through intermediate zone and subplate
  • Passing through layers VI and VI (born first)
  • Establishing layer IV —> III —> II (born last)
44
Q

Neurons are able to migrate through the cortex using which cells?

A

Radial glial cells

45
Q

Which laminae are born first and which are last?

A

Earliest: V and VI

Last: IV —> III —-> II

46
Q

What causes Lissencephaly or Agyria (smooth brain); characterized by; patients later develop what problems?

A
  • Incomplete neuronal migration to cerebral cortex during 12-24 wks
  • Characterized by: enlarged ventricles, lack of gyri (smooth looking), complete/partial agenesis of corpus callosum
  • Patients later develop seizures, mental retardation and mild spastic quadriplegia
47
Q

What are the causes of Microcephaly?

A
  • Genetic
  • Prenatal and perinatal brain injury (Cytomegalovirus, Rubella toxoplasma gondii, Zika)
  • Ionizing radiation
  • Maternal alcohol abuse
48
Q

Why is the cytodifferentiation of the cerebellum unique?

A
  • Some cells migrate from inside out, giving rise to the purkinje fibers
  • Some cells will migrate from ouside back in and give rise to the granular cells
49
Q

All 4 types of spina bifida are a result of what failure?

A

Failure of the caudal neurpore to close at day 27

50
Q

What is seen in Spina Bifida Oculta?

A
  • Vertebral arches did not close correctly, skin remains intact
  • Failure of fusion of the neural folds/caudal neuropore at day 27
  • May have a tuft of hair on back
51
Q

What is seen with Spina Bifida w/ Meningocele; do these patients have problems with motor and sensory?

A
  • Vertebral arch did not form, and caudal neuropore late to close
  • Cyst like structure covered with meninges extruded from back
  • May or may not have problems with motor and sensory
52
Q

What is Spina Bifida w/ Meningomyelocele; do these patients have problems with sensory and motor?

A
  • Meninges and neural tissue are both inside the cyst
  • Spinal cord in improper location
  • These patients DO have motor and sensory defects
  • Trouble walking, bladder/bowel control, and general sensory issues below location of lesion
53
Q

What is Spina Bifida w/ myeloschisis (myelocele); do these patients have motor and sensory issues?

A
  • Neural tube/caudal neuropore did not close at all!
  • Open neural tissue on back, at high risk for infection
  • These patients have motor and sensory issues
54
Q

What is the root cause of Anencephaly, Encephalocele (w/ and w/o brain tissue)?

A

Failure of the rostal neuropore to close at day 25

Neuro I Exam 2 - Pathways (18 decks)

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